Research Progress on Strength-ductility Synergy of Powder Metallurgy Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

LEI Bingwang; YUN Xuefeng; WANG Yongqiang; ZHAI Pengyuan; QIN Ruiting

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.10.007

PDF(23593 KB)

Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering ›› 2026, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (10) : 65-81. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.10.007

Light Alloy Forming

Research Progress on Strength-ductility Synergy of Powder Metallurgy Ti-6Al-4V Alloy

LEI Bingwang¹, YUN Xuefeng¹, WANG Yongqiang^1,*, ZHAI Pengyuan², QIN Ruiting¹

Author information +

History +

Abstract

Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) alloy has attracted extensive attention in aerospace, biomedical, and marine engineering fields due to its high specific strength, excellent biocompatibility, and outstanding corrosion resistance. Powder metallurgy technology provides an ideal pathway for achieving near-net shaping of complex-shaped Ti-6Al-4V components and improving material utilization. However, the interrelated and co-evolving issues of oxygen embrittlement, residual porosity, and microstructural coarsening in powder metallurgy Ti-6Al-4V alloys constitute key processing challenges that restrict the synergistic enhancement of strength and ductility. How to simultaneously regulate oxygen content and microstructure morphology while ensuring densification to achieve synergistic improvement of strength and ductility is a focal point of current research. Based on the raw material characteristics, pressing and sintering processes, and post-treatment methods of Ti-6Al-4V, the work aims to clarify oxygen control mechanisms, densification behaviors, and microstructure tailoring strategies, and summarize the research progress in synergistic strength-ductility modification of powder metallurgy Ti-6Al-4V alloys. Finally, future directions for powder metallurgy Ti-6Al-4V are prospected.

Key words

powder metallurgy / Ti-6Al-4V alloy / oxygen control / densification / microstructure tailoring / strength-ductility synergy

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

LEI Bingwang, YUN Xuefeng, WANG Yongqiang, ZHAI Pengyuan, QIN Ruiting. Research Progress on Strength-ductility Synergy of Powder Metallurgy Ti-6Al-4V Alloy[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering. 2026, 18(10): 65-81 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.10.007

References

[1] 陈志勇. 高声速飞行器用高温钛合金研究进展与发展趋势[J]. 空天防御, 2024, 7(6): 38-45.
CHEN Z Y.Research and Development of High-Temperature Titanium Alloys for Hypersonic Aircraft[J]. Air & Space Defense, 2024, 7(6): 38-45.
[2] 白晓伟, 李冀, 商广前,等钛合金材料在骨科应用的研究进展[J]. 中国矫形外科杂志, 2025, 33(17): 1584-1588.
BAI X W, LI J, SHANG G Q, et al.Research Progress in Application of Titanium Alloy Materials in Orthopedics[J], Orthopedic Journal of China, 2025, 33(17): 1584-1588.
[3] WANG Z, TAN Y N, LI N.Powder Metallurgy of Titanium Alloys: A Brief Review[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2023, 965: 171030.
[4] 黄晓刚, 何勇, 王健, 等. 钛及钛合金粉末近净成形技术研究进展[J]. 粉末冶金工业, 2022, 32(3): 34-43.
HUANG X G, HE Y, WANG J, et al.Research Progress on Near-Net-Shape Forming Technology of Titanium and Titanium Alloy Powder[J]. Powder Metallurgy Industry, 2022, 32(3): 34-43.
[5] 秦文栋, 邵星海, 王文焱, 等. 烧结压力、粉末形态和增强相对TC4钛合金组织和力学性能的影响[J]. 材料热处理学报, 2026, 47(3): 107-116.
QIN W D, SHAO X H, WANG W Y, et al.Effect of Sintering Pressure, Powder Morphology and Reinforcement on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TC4 Titanium Alloy[J]. Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment, 2026, 47(3): 107-116.
[6] 阴中炜, 孙彦波, 张绪虎, 等. 粉末钛合金热等静压近净成形技术及发展现状[J]. 材料导报, 2019, 33(7): 1099-1108.
YIN Z W, SUN Y B, ZHANG X H, et al.Near-Net Shaping of Titanium Alloy Powders by HIP Technology: A Review[J]. Materials Reports, 2019, 33(7): 1099-1108.
[7] 李欣, 龚燚, 刘时兵, 等. 钛合金粉末热等静压技术的发展现状及展望[J]. 铸造, 2020, 69(4): 335-341.
LI X, GONG Y, LIU S B, et al.Current Development and Prospects for Titanium Alloy Powder Metallurgy Hot Isostatic Pressing Technology[J]. Foundry, 2020, 69(4): 335-341.
[8] PAN Y, YANG Y C, ZHOU Q J, et al.Achieving Synergy of Strength and Ductility in Powder Metallurgy Commercially Pure Titanium by a Unique Oxygen Scavenger[J]. Acta Materialia, 2024, 263: 119485.
[9] LONG J B, LIU X T, GU J, et al.Breaking Strength and Ductility Trade-off for Powder Metallurgy Ti Alloys with High Content of Oxygen[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2025, 940: 148529.
[10] CHENG M, LU Z G, WU J, et al.Effect of Thermal Induced Porosity on High-Cycle Fatigue and very High-Cycle Fatigue Behaviors of Hot-Isostatic-Pressed Ti-6Al-4V Powder Components[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2022, 98: 177-185.
[11] SUN Y, LUO G Q, ZHANG J, et al.Phase Transition, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TC4 Titanium Alloy Prepared by Plasma Activated Sintering[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2018, 741: 918-926.
[12] LU R P, PAN Y, LIU Y J, et al.A High-Performance MIM TA15 Alloy Scheme: Breaking through the Trade-off Dilemma between Fine Grain and Residual Pore in Pressureless Sintering[J]. Materials Characterization, 2026, 234: 116231.
[13] NURLY H F, REN D C, CAI Y S, et al.Effects of Oxygen on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6Al-4V Annealed at Different Temperatures[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2024, 894: 146170.
[14] SHEN J P, LIU C, HAYAT M D, et al.Oxygen Variation in Titanium Powder and Metal Injection Molding[J]. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, 2024, 31(12): 2706-2713.
[15] CHONG Y, GHOLIZADEH R, TSURU T, et al.Grain Refinement in Titanium Prevents Low Temperature Oxygen Embrittlement[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14: 404.
[16] YU Q, QI L, TSURU T, et al.Origin of Dramatic Oxygen Solute Strengthening Effect in Titanium[J]. Science, 2015, 347(6222): 635-639.
[17] CAI M J, LUO Q, ZENG Q S, et al.Combined Effect of Demagnetization Field and Magnetic Anisotropy on Magnetocaloric Behavior and Magnetocaloric-Magnetoresistance Correlation in GdTmErCoAl High-Entropy Amorphous Alloy[J]. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2021, 528: 167817.
[18] LIU R E, WANG B Y, HU S S.Damage Behaviour and GTN Parameter Analysis of TC4 Powder Metallurgy Titanium Alloy during Hot Deformation[J]. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 2023, 23(3): 165.
[19] PAN Y, ZHANG J S, WU X X, et al.Grain Growth Kinetics and Densification Mechanism of Ti/CaB₆ Composites by Powder Metallurgy Pressureless Sintering[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2023, 939: 168686.
[20] REN Y J, XU J J, WEI Y K, et al.Effect of Interstitial Oxygen on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloys: A Review[J]. Crystals, 2025, 15(7): 618.
[21] 陈刚, 路新, 章林, 等. 钛及钛合金粉末制备与近净成形研究进展[J]. 材料科学与工艺, 2020, 28(3): 98-108.
CHEN G, LU X, ZHANG L, et al.Research Progress in Powder Production and Near-Net-Shape Manufacturing of Titanium and Its Alloys[J]. Materials Science and Technology, 2020, 28(3): 98-108.
[22] KIM T, OH J M, CHO G H, et al.Comparison of Deoxidation Capability of Solid Solution and Intermetallic Titanium Alloy Powders Deoxidized by Calcium Vapor[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2020, 828: 154220.
[23] 周新文, 左烨盖, 张强. 氧含量对粉末冶金制品的影响及其脱氧方法进展[J]. 粉末冶金工业, 2024, 34(5): 140-150.
ZHOU X W, ZUO Y G, ZHANG Q.The Influence of Oxygen Content on Powder Metallurgy Products and the Progress of Deoxidation Methods[J]. Powder Metallurgy Industry, 2024, 34(5): 140-150.
[24] WANG Y, ZHANG H M, CHENG X W, et al.Achieving High-Performance in TiBw/TC4 Composites via Introducing Two Types of Boron Sources-BNNSS and LaB₆[J]. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2025, 198: 109096.
[25] CHONG Y, ZHANG R P, HOOSHMAND M S, et al.Elimination of Oxygen Sensitivity in Α-Titanium by Substitutional Alloying with Al[J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12: 6158.
[26] 郭志猛, 芦博昕, 杨芳, 等. 粉末冶金钛合金制备技术研究进展[J]. 粉末冶金工业, 2020, 30(2): 1-7.
GUO Z M, LU B X, YANG F, et al.Advances in Preparation of Titanium Alloy from Powder Metallurgy[J]. Powder Metallurgy Industry, 2020, 30(2): 1-7.
[27] 孙高秋. 细钛粉金属热还原降氧研究[D]. 郑州: 郑州大学, 2021.
SUN G Q.Study on Oxygen Reduction by Metal Thermal Reduction of Fine Titanium Powder[D]. Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou University, 2021.
[28] 董树成. 混合元素法制备TC4合金致密过程分析及力学性能研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2022.
DONG S C.Densification Process Analysis and Mechanical Properties of TC4 Alloy Synthesized by Blended Element Method[D]. Changchun: Jilin University, 2022.
[29] 刘汉宁. 氢气辅助烧结与热处理制备高致密钛合金的微观组织与力学性能研究[D]. 长沙: 中南大学, 2024.
LIU H N.Study on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-density Titanium Alloy Prepared by Hydrogen-assisted Sintering and Heat Treatment[D]. Changsha: Central South University, 2024.
[30] 陈奏君, 林泽华, 段中元, 等. TiH₂粉末制备钛合金的组织与力学性能[J]. 粉末冶金材料科学与工程, 2021, 26(3): 243-249.
CHEN Z J, LIN Z H, DUAN Z Y, et al.Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloys Prepared with TiH₂ Powder[J]. Materials Science and Engineering of Powder Metallurgy, 2021, 26(3): 243-249.
[31] CHEN T, YANG C, LIU Z, et al.Revealing Dehydrogenation Effect and Resultant Densification Mechanism during Pressureless Sintering of TiH₂ Powder[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2021, 873: 159792.
[32] KAWAŁKO J, MUSZKA K, GRACA P, et al. The Effect of Strain Path Changes on Texture Evolution and Deformation Behavior of Ti₆Al₄V Subjected to Accumulative Angular Drawing[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2019, 764: 138168.
[33] SU S H, HONG Z J, WU Y J, et al.Dense Layer, Microstructure, and Mechanical Performances of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Prepared by Metal Injection Molding[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2023, 126(9): 3861-3871.
[34] HU K, ZOU L M, SHI Q, et al.Effect of Titanium Hydride Powder Addition on Microstructure and Properties of Titanium Powder Injection Molding[J]. Powder Technology, 2020, 367: 225-232.
[35] PONTOREAU M, COFFIGNIEZ M, TRILLAUD V, et al.In Situ Synchrotron Study of Sintering of Gas-Atomized Ti-6Al-4 V Powders Using Concomitant Micro-Tomography and X-Ray Diffraction: Effect of Particle Size and Interstitials on Densification and Phase Transformation Kinetics[J]. Acta Materialia, 2023, 246: 118723.
[36] SUN H B, LUO S Y, LI Z, et al.Study of Sintering Behaviour in Ti-6Al-4 V Based Metal Injection Molding Using Molecular Dynamics Method[J]. Powder Technology, 2026, 467: 121535.
[37] REN W L, CHEN X L, ZHAO B S, et al.Investigating Evolution of Microstructures and Mechanical Properties in Metal Injection Molding Ti₆Al₄V with Sintering Processing by Quasi In-Situ Strategy[J]. Powder Technology, 2024, 439: 119694.
[38] ZHANG C, LU B X, WANG H Y, et al.Vacuum Pressureless Sintering of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with Full Densification and Forged-Like Mechanical Properties[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2018, 27(1): 282-292.
[39] PAN K J, LIU X T, WANG B, et al.The Rapid Densification Behavior of Powder Metallurgy Ti Alloys by Induction Heating Sintering[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2024, 181: 152-164.
[40] 樊浩田, 黄坤兰, 王杰. 电场活化烧结过程中升温速率对微型超声电机TC4锁套零件性能的影响[J]. 热加工工艺, 2020, 49(6): 65-69.
FAN H T, HUANG K L, WANG J.Effect of Heating Rates in Electric Field Activation Sintering Process on Performance of TC4 Lock Sleeve Used for Micro-Ultrasonic Motor[J]. Hot Working Technology, 2020, 49(6): 65-69.
[41] 王维, 樊浩田, 杨屹, 等. 保温时间对Micro-FAST制备TC4非标圆螺母致密化和性能的影响[J]. 钛工业进展, 2021, 38(3): 29-34.
WANG W, FAN H T, YANG Y, et al.Effect of Heat Preservation Time on Densification and Property of TC4 Non-Standard Miniature round Nuts Prepared by Micro-FAST[J]. Titanium Industry Progress, 2021, 38(3): 29-34.
[42] 孙立宇. 粉末冶金钛合金制备技术与研究[J]. 冶金管理, 2023(8): 37-41.
SUN L Y.Preparation Technology and Research of Powder Metallurgy Titanium Alloy[J]. China Steel Focus, 2023(8): 37-41.
[43] SUN J Z, PAN Y, LIU Y J, et al.The Designed High-Performance PM Ti-6Al-4V Alloy via Two-Step Pressureless Sintering[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2024, 976: 173324.
[44] 包建兴, 张于胜, 臧勐超, 等. 一种注射成形高致密等轴细晶钛合金制件的方法: CN202511860547.3[P].2026-03-20.
BAO J X, ZHANG Y S, ZANG M C, et al. A method for Injection Molding High-density Equiaxed Fine-Grained Titanium Alloy Parts: CN202511860547.3[P].2026-03-20.
[45] CHONG Y, BHATTACHARJEE T, TSUJI N.Bi-Lamellar Microstructure in Ti-6Al-4V: Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2019, 762: 138077.
[46] 熊意义, 李明骜, 周涛, 等. 先进有色金属材料无压烧结技术研究进展[J]. 精密成形工程, 2024, 16(9): 112-122.
XIONG Y Y, LI M A, ZHOU T, et al.Research Progress of Pressureless Sintering Technology of Advanced Non-Ferrous Metallic Materials[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering, 2024, 16(9): 112-122.
[47] 陈剑虹, 肖乐, 陈永庆, 等. 热等静压保温温度对TC4合金组织及拉伸性能的影响[J]. 兰州理工大学学报, 2021, 47(1): 1-4.
CHENG J H, XIAO L, CHEN Y Q, et al.The Effect of Hot Isostatic Pressing Temperature on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of TC4 Alloy[J]. Journal of Lanzhou University of Technology, 2021, 47(1): 1-4.
[48] GUO R P, CHENG M, ZHANG C J, et al.Achieving Superior Fatigue Strength in a Powder-Metallurgy Titanium Alloy via In-Situ Globularization during Hot Isostatic Pressing[J]. Scripta Materialia, 2023, 228: 115345.
[49] PASCU C I, NICOLICESCU C, CIOATERĂ N, et al.Characterization of Titanium Alloy Obtained by Powder Metallurgy[J]. Materials, 2022, 15(6): 2057.
[50] 刘荣娥, 王宝雨, 冯鹏妮, 等. 粉末冶金TC4钛合金热压缩动态软化行为分析[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2021, 50(7): 2447-2454.
LIU R E, WANG B Y, FENG P N, et al.Dynamic Softening Behavior Analysis of Powder Metallurgy TC4 Titanium Alloy during Hot Compression[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2021, 50(7): 2447-2454.
[51] 黄志涛, 杨毅. 钛合金粉末冶金β相区热加工组织行为[J]. 锻压技术, 2025, 50(1): 33-41.
HUANG Z T, YANG Y.Microstructure Behavior of Hot Working in β Phase Zone of Titanium Alloy by Powder Metallurgy[J]. Forging & Stamping Technology, 2025, 50(1): 33-41.
[52] 熊志亮, 李亚非, 谢志龙, 等. HIP+HR工艺制备粉末TC合金显微组织与力学性能[J]. 锻压装备与制造技术, 2025, 60(4): 135-139.
XIONG Z L, LI Y F, XIE Z L, et al.Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TC4 Alloy Powders Prepared by HIP+HR Process[J]. China Metalforming Equipment & Manufacturing Technology, 2025, 60(4): 135-139.
[53] 王海英, 杨芳, 郭志猛, 等. 锻造粉末冶金Ti₆Al₄V合金的性能和组织研究[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2020, 49(8): 2855-2860.
WANG H Y, YANG F, GUO Z M, et al.Properties and Microstructure of Forged Powder Metallurgy Ti₆Al₄V Alloy[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2020, 49(8): 2855-2860.
[54] QIU S X, YANG F, LI Y, et al.Crystallographic Orientation and Slip Behavior of Powder Metallurgy Ti-6Al-4V via Multi-Directional Forging[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2024, 33: 1525-1539.
[55] KANG L M, CAI Y J, LUO X C, et al.Bimorphic Microstructure in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Manipulated by Spark Plasma Sintering and In-Situ Press Forging[J]. Scripta Materialia, 2021, 193: 43-48.
[56] CHAI L J, XIA J Y, MURTY K L, et al.Revealing Microstructural, Textural, and Hardness Evolution of Ti-6Al-4V Sheet Cooled from Sub Β-Transus Temperature at Different Rates[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2022, 53(8): 3179-3193.
[57] 高茉野. 粉末注射TC4钛合金室温塑性变形行为及组织演化研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆理工大学, 2023.
GAO M Y.Study on Plastic Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of Powder Injection Molding TC4 Titanium Alloy at Room Temperature[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University of Technology, 2023.
[58] KUANG F, PAN Y, SUN J Z, et al.Crafting High-Strength and Ductile Powder Metallurgy Ti₆Al₄V Alloy with a Multi-Scale Microstructure[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2024, 892: 146054.
[59] WANG L, MA H, FAN Q B, et al.Simultaneously Enhancing Strength and Ductility of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with the Hierarchical Structure via a Novel Thermal Annealing Treatment[J]. Materials Characterization, 2021, 176: 111112.
[60] 脱锦鹏, 陈安琦, 姚富升, 等. 颗粒增强耐热钛基复合材料设计制备研究进展[J]. 材料导报, 2025, 39(8): 199-208.
TUO J P, CHEN A Q, YAO F S, et al.Research Progress on the Design and Fabrication of Discontinuously Reinforced Heat-Resistant Titanium Matrix Composites[J]. Materials Reports, 2025, 39(8): 199-208.
[61] 李金山, 晏琪, 陈彪. 航空航天用钛基复合材料的开发与应用进展[J]. 材料开发与应用, 2024, 39(6): 1-23.
LI J S, YAN Q, CHEN B.Development and Application Progress of Titanium Matrix Composites for Aerospace[J]. Development and Application of Materials, 2024, 39(6): 1-23.
[62] DONG L L, LU J W, FU Y Q, et al.Carbonaceous Nanomaterial Reinforced Ti-6Al-4V Matrix Composites: Properties, Interfacial Structures and Strengthening Mechanisms[J]. Carbon, 2020, 164: 272-286.
[63] SUN K S, YI X Y, SUN B, et al.Study on Microstructure and Properties of TiBw/Ti-V-Al Light Weight High Temperature Shape Memory Composite[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2021, 851: 156837.
[64] 李少龙, 李树丰, 张鑫, 等. 粉末冶金TC4-B₄C原位反应制备TiC+TiB增强TC4基复合材料的显微组织和力学性能[J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2023, 33(6): 1769-1783.
LI S L, LI S F, ZHANG X, et al.Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiC+TiB Reinforced TC4 Matrix Composites Prepared by In-Situ Reaction of Powder Metallurgy TC4-B₄C[J]. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2023, 33(6): 1769-1783.
[65] HUANG L J, GENG L, WANG B, et al.Effects of Volume Fraction on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of in Situ TiBw/Ti₆Al₄V Composites with Novel Network Microstructure[J]. Materials & Design, 2013, 45: 532-538.
[66] YU J S, GAO G R, LI X, et al.High-Performance Titanium-Based Composite Strengthened with Heterogeneous Network Structure[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2023, 937: 168277.
[67] REN Z Q, LIU W Q, AN Q, et al.Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Low-Cost TiBw/Ti-6Al-4V Composites by Vacuum Reactive Hot Pressing[J]. Vacuum, 2023, 211: 111921.
[68] CHEN J J, HAN Y F, WEI Z C, et al.Heterostructured Titanium Composites with Superior Strength-Ductility Synergy via Controllable Bimodal Grains and Dislocation Activity[J]. Materials Research Letters, 2023, 11(10): 863-871.
[69] ZHANG C L, LUO X, WU Z Y, et al.Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Bimodal Heterogeneous TiBw/TC4 Composites with High Strength and Toughness[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2025, 925: 147908.
[70] LIU L, LI S F, ZHANG X, et al.Synthesis Mechanism of Pelleted Heterostructure Ti64-TiB Composites via an Interdiffusion and Self-Organization Strategy Based on Powder Metallurgy[J]. Composites Part B: Engineering, 2024, 276: 111366.
[71] PAN Y, LI J Y, SHI G H, et al.Achieving High-Performance PM TC4 Alloy Manufacturing through β Extrusion Combined with Unique Oxygen Scavenger[J]. Materials & Design, 2026, 265: 116051.
[72] ZHANG C, YANG F, GUO Z M, et al.Oxygen Scavenging, Grain Refinement and Mechanical Properties Improvement in Powder Metallurgy Titanium and Titanium Alloys with CaB₆[J]. Powder Technology, 2018, 340: 362-369.