Effect of Nano-oxides on the Welding Properties of Low-alloy High-strength Vanadium Titanium Steel Bar

XU Lindong; SONG Jinsong; ZHANG Tianli; SUN Laibo; ZENG Xiangcheng; XIN Guosong

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.09.012

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Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering ›› 2026, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (9) : 114-123. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.09.012

Iron and Steel Forming

Effect of Nano-oxides on the Welding Properties of Low-alloy High-strength Vanadium Titanium Steel Bar

XU Lindong¹, SONG Jinsong^1,*, ZHANG Tianli², SUN Laibo³, ZENG Xiangcheng¹, XIN Guosong⁴

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Abstract

To solve the problems of grain coarsening and strength-toughness mismatch with the base metal in the weld of HRB400E high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) vanadium titanium steel bar subjected to non-equilibrium thermal cycles during welding, the work aims to investigate the improvement effect of nano-oxide doping on the microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints, enhancing the comprehensive performance of welded joints of this steel grade, and providing an experimental basis for the optimal design of special welding materials for this steel. TiO₂, B₂O₃, Ce₂O₃ and MgO nano-oxides with a mass fraction of 2% were doped into the coating of J507 (E5015) electrode to prepare electrodes with different alloy systems, which were subsequently used for the welding of the HSLA vanadium titanium steel bars. Phase analysis of the samples was performed with a SmartLab SE X-ray diffractometer (XRD, Rigaku Corporation, Japan). The tensile strength, room-temperature impact toughness and microhardness of the welded joints were systematically tested with a HY-1080 tensile testing machine, a JB-200B impact testing machine and a HXD-1000 microhardness tester. The microstructure and tensile fracture characteristics of the welded joints were observed with an Olympus-BH optical microscope (OM) and a PHILIPS-XL30 scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the weld quality was evaluated via radiographic nondestructive testing. The doped nano-oxides were mainly present in the weld in the form of high-melting-point composite inclusions, which could serve as heterogeneous nucleation sites for acicular ferrite (AF). These composite inclusions significantly refined the microstructure of the welded joints, promoted the nucleation and formation of acicular ferrite, and exerted a pinning effect on grain boundaries. After nano-oxide doping, the hardness and strength of the welded joints were significantly improved: the maximum hardness in the weld zone reached 335HV (28% higher than that of the control group), the maximum tensile strength of the joints reached 616 MPa (2% higher than that of the control group), all tensile specimens fractured in the heat-affected zone (HAZ), the maximum room-temperature impact toughness reached 177 J (301% higher than that of the control group), and the maximum weld joint coefficient reached 99.2%, realizing excellent strength matching between the weld and the base metal. Among them, MgO doping presented the most prominent modification effect, with the impact toughness reaching nearly 4 times that of the control group, and the corresponding fracture surface exhibited a typical ductile dimple fracture morphology. The welds exhibited excellent formation, and no welding defects (e.g., porosity, slag inclusion) were detected. Nano-oxide doping can effectively improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of welded joints of HRB400E HSLA vanadium titanium steel bar, with enhanced hardness, tensile strength and impact toughness of the welded joints, among which MgO has the optimal enhancement effect on impact toughness. This technology provides an effective nano-oxide modification approach to achieve the strength-toughness matching between the weld and the base metal of HRB400E steel.

Key words

vanadium titanium steel bar / welded joint / nano-oxide / mechanical properties / weldability

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XU Lindong, SONG Jinsong, ZHANG Tianli, SUN Laibo, ZENG Xiangcheng, XIN Guosong. Effect of Nano-oxides on the Welding Properties of Low-alloy High-strength Vanadium Titanium Steel Bar[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering. 2026, 18(9): 114-123 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.09.012

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Funding

Chengde City Science and Technology Plan Project under the Special Program of Applied Technology Research and Development and Innovation Demonstration Zone for the Sustainable Development Agenda (202305B018); Central Government Fund for Local Science and Technology Development (254Z1007G)