Dimensional Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Support-free Arc Additive Manufactured Cr13Ni5Mo Stainless Steel

CHENG Chuanshi; QIN Yanping; CHEN Weidong; XU Ning; MA Taide; CAI Xin

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.04.010

PDF(2245 KB)

Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering ›› 2026, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (4) : 99-107. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.04.010

Additive Manufacturing

Dimensional Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Support-free Arc Additive Manufactured Cr13Ni5Mo Stainless Steel

CHENG Chuanshi, QIN Yanping, CHEN Weidong, XU Ning, MA Taide^*, CAI Xin

Author information +

History +

Abstract

For arc additive manufacturing based on large non-overturnable components, directly applying conventional arc additive forming processes is prone to issues such as flow, humping, and insufficient strength. Therefore, the work aims to study the forming process of support-free arc additive manufacturing. The arc cold metal transfer technology was used to additively manufacture Cr13Ni5Mo stainless steel on a vertical substrate. A mathematical model of arc additive manufacturing process parameters and forming morphology was established. The impact of wire feed speed, welding speed, and torch deflection angle on the cross-sectional dimensions of a single weld bead was investigated. Based on the quadratic regression fitting equation, the optimal process parameters were selected to form a single-layer multi-bead specimen, and the mechanical properties of the specimen were tested. The specimen was prepared completely according to specifications, and the tensile mechanical properties of the support-free arc additive manufactured Cr13Ni5Mo stainless steel were tested with a universal tensile testing machine. The mathematical model prediction was consistent with the actual results. Based on the ANOVA results, the F-values for the regression models of weld width, weld reinforcement height, and reinforcement deviation were 18.64, 9.78, and 8.99, respectively. Using a significance level of α=0.01 and referencing the F-distribution table with degrees of freedom f_R, f_Q, the critical value F_0.99 (f_R, f_Q)=4.94 was determined. Since all computed F-values exceeded this critical value, the statistical significance level for each model surpassed 99%. The wire feed speed had the most significant impact on weld width, the welding speed had a significant impact on reinforcement, and the torch deflection angle had the greatest impact on the amount of reinforcement offset. The tensile mechanical property test results showed that the average transverse tensile strength was 1 017.3 MPa, with an elongation of 13.7%, and the average longitudinal tensile strength was 1 067.5 MPa, with an elongation of 15.6%. The support-free arc additive manufacturing forming process based on Cr13Ni5Mo stainless steel in this work not only controls defects such as flow and humping but also contributes to excellent mechanical properties, providing a reference for subsequent in-situ additive manufacturing of large components.

Key words

arc additive manufacturing / Cr13Ni5Mo stainless steel / support-free forming / deposit morphology / mechanical properties

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

CHENG Chuanshi, QIN Yanping, CHEN Weidong, XU Ning, MA Taide, CAI Xin. Dimensional Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Support-free Arc Additive Manufactured Cr13Ni5Mo Stainless Steel[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering. 2026, 18(4): 99-107 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.04.010

References

[1] 闫妮, 戎虎仁, 王思敏, 等. 电力能源结构及水力发电建设趋势综述[J]. 电力学报, 2022, 37(4): 295-301.
YAN N, RONG H R, WANG S M, et al.Overview of Energy Structure and Hydropower Construction Trends[J]. Journal of Electric Power, 2022, 37(4): 295-301.
[2] J.韦塞利, 马元珽. 冲击式水轮机转轮的现代制造技术[J]. 水利水电快报, 2006, 27(22): 13-15.
J VESELY, MA Y T. Modern Manufacturing Technology of Impulse Turbine Runner[J]. Express Water Resources & Hydropower Information, 2006, 27(22): 13-15.
[3] 谭晓霞. 大型冲击式转轮用国产04Cr13Ni5Mo马氏体不锈钢锻件研究现状[J]. 材料导报, 2022, 36(S2): 422-425.
TAN X X.Research Status of Domestic 04Cr13Ni5Mo Martensitic Stainless Steel Forgings for Runner of Large Impact Hydropower Unit[J]. Materials Reports, 2022, 36(S2): 422-425.
[4] 刁乃松. 水电站用马氏体不锈钢转轮的组织性能分析[D]. 鞍山: 辽宁科技大学, 2007.
DIAO N S.Microstructure and Performance Analysis of Martensitic Stainless Steel Runner for Hydroelectric Power Station[D]. Anshan: University of Science and Technology Liaoning, 2007.
[5] 王斌, 栗卓新, 李国栋. 超级马氏体不锈钢焊接的研究进展[J]. 新技术新工艺, 2008(5): 57-61.
WANG B, LI Z X, LI G D.Current Status on Supermartenstic Stainless Steel(SMSS) Welding[J]. New Technology & New Process, 2008(5): 57-61.
[6] RODRIGUES C A D, LORENZO P L D, SOKOLOWSKI A, et al. Titanium and Molybdenum Content in Supermartensitic Stainless Steel[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2007, 460: 149-152.
[7] 罗永赞. 0Cr16Ni6Mo2新型马氏体不锈钢的开发与马氏体不锈钢的新进展[J]. 材料开发与应用, 1990, 5(1): 17-24.
LUO Y Z.Development of New Martensitic Stainless Steel 0Cr16Ni6Mo2 and New Progress of Martensitic Stainless Steel[J]. Development and Application of Materials, 1990, 5(1): 17-24.
[8] 薄鑫涛. 不锈钢钢种发展的一些动向[J]. 热处理, 2007, 22(4): 5-9.
BO X T.Development Trend of Stainless Steels[J]. Heat Treatment, 2007, 22(4): 5-9.
[9] 吕祥鸿, 赵国仙, 张建兵, 等. 超级13Cr马氏体不锈钢在CO₂及H₂S/CO₂环境中的腐蚀行为[J]. 北京科技大学学报, 2010, 32(2): 207-212.
LYU X H, ZHAO G X, ZHANG J B, et al.Corrosion Behaviors of Super 13Cr Martensitic Stainless Steel under CO₂ and H₂S/CO₂ Environment[J]. Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, 2010, 32(2): 207-212.
[10] KONDO K, UEDA M, OGAWA K, et al.Alloy Design of Super 13Cr Martensitic Stainless Steel (Development of Super 13Cr Martensitic Stainless Steel for Line Pipe)[C]//Super-Martensitic Stainless Steels 99, Belgium: Brussels, 1999: 11-18.
[11] 耿海滨, 熊江涛, 黄丹, 等. 丝材电弧增材制造技术研究现状与趋势[J]. 焊接, 2015(11): 17-21.
GENG H B, XIONG J T, HUANG D, et al.Research Status and Trends of Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing Technology[J]. Welding & Joining, 2015(11): 17-21.
[12] 何建斌, 许燕, 周建平, 等. 金属增材制造技术的研究进展[J]. 机床与液压, 2020, 48(2): 171-175.
HE J B, XU Y, ZHOU J P, et al.Research Progress of Additive Manufacturing Technology for Metal[J]. Machine Tool & Hydraulics, 2020, 48(2): 171-175.
[13] 张小川, 康进武, 融亦鸣, 等. 增材制造中的支撑设计[J]. 热加工工艺, 2018, 47(12): 1-7.
ZHANG X C, KANG J W, RONG Y M, et al.Support Design in Additive Manufacturing[J]. Hot Working Technology, 2018, 47(12): 1-7.
[14] KAZANAS P, DEHERKAR P, ALMEIDA P, et al.Fabrication of Geometrical Features Using Wire and Arc Additive Manufacture[J]. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 2012, 226(6): 1042-1051.
[15] 熊俊. 多层单道GMA增材制造成形特性及熔敷尺寸控制[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2014.
XIONG J.Formation Characteristics and Deposition Dimension Control in Multi-layer Single-bead GMA Additive Manufacturing[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2014.
[16] LI Y Z, HUANG X, HORVÁTH I, et al. GMAW-Based Additive Manufacturing of Inclined Multi-Layer Multi-Bead Parts with Flat-Position Deposition[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2018, 262: 359-371.
[17] PANCHAGNULA J S, SIMHAMBHATLA S.Manufacture of Complex Thin-Walled Metallic Objects Using Weld-Deposition Based Additive Manufacturing[J]. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 2018, 49: 194-203.
[18] PANCHAGNULA J S, SIMHAMBHATLA S.Feature Based Weld-Deposition for Additive Manufacturing of Complex Shapes[J]. Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India): Series C, 2018, 99(3): 285-292.
[19] 张帅锋, 魏正英, 廖志谦, 等. 基于CMT的电弧增材制造Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo钛合金螺旋桨成形机理及组织性能[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2022, 51(10): 3876-3883.
ZHANG S F, WEI Z Y, LIAO Z Q, et al.Forming Mechanism, Microstructure and Properties of Ti-6Al-3Nb-2Zr-1Mo Titanium Propeller Deposited by CMT Additive Manufacturing[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2022, 51(10): 3876-3883.
[20] 韩常乐. 无支撑悬垂结构电弧增材制造工艺研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2020.
HAN C L.Process Study on Support-Free Dangling Structures Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2020.
[21] 谢高齐. 倾斜结构件CMT电弧增材制造成形工艺研究[D]. 南京: 南京理工大学, 2023.
XIE G Q.Study on Manufacturing Process of CMT Arc Additive for Inclined Structural Parts[D]. Nanjing: Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2023.
[22] 赵文勇, 曹熙勇, 杜心伟, 等. CMT电弧增材制造过程传热传质数值模拟[J]. 机械工程学报, 2022, 58(1): 267-276.
ZHAO W Y, CAO X Y, DU X W, et al.Numerical Simulation of Heat and Mass Transfer in CMT-Based Additive Manufacturing[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2022, 58(1): 267-276.
[23] 胡彪, 邓劲莲, 蔡高参, 等. 冷金属过渡电弧增材制造技术研究进展[J]. 机电工程, 2022, 39(3): 375-381.
HU B, DENG J L, CAI G S, et al.Research Progress of CMT Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing Technology[J]. Journal of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, 2022, 39(3): 375-381.
[24] 王凯, 卢楚文, 易江龙, 等. 基于BAS算法优化的电弧增材制造焊道尺寸预测[J]. 精密成形工程, 2024, 16(4): 190-199.
WANG K, LU C W, YI J L, et al.Bead Size Prediction for Arc Additive Manufacturing Based on BAS Algorithm Optimization[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering, 2024, 16(4): 190-199.
[25] LIU Y B, SUN Q J, SANG H B, et al.Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Additive Manufactured Steel-Al Structure Materials with Nickel Gradient Layers[J]. China Welding (English Edition), 2016, 25(1).
[26] 柏久阳, 王计辉, 林三宝, 等. 铝合金电弧增材制造焊道宽度尺寸预测[J]. 焊接学报, 2015, 36(9): 87-90.
BAI J Y, WANG J H, LIN S B, et al.Width Prediction of Aluminium Alloy Weld Additively Manufactured by TIG Arc[J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2015, 36(9): 87-90.
[27] ZHANG Z D, SUN C S, XU X K, et al.Surface Quality and Forming Characteristics of Thin-Wall Aluminium Alloy Parts Manufactured by Laser Assisted MIG Arc Additive Manufacturing[J]. International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, 2018, 1(2): 89-95.