Effects of SLM Parameters on Forming Quality of Haynes 230 Alloy

HAN Jinchao; ZHANG Ying; WANG Changhe; HUANG Sihan; ZHANG Ziheng; JIANG Jincheng; ZHANG Yi

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.03.016

PDF(11269 KB)

Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering ›› 2026, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (3) : 146-155. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.03.016

Additive Manufacturing

Effects of SLM Parameters on Forming Quality of Haynes 230 Alloy

HAN Jinchao, ZHANG Ying^*, WANG Changhe, HUANG Sihan, ZHANG Ziheng, JIANG Jincheng, ZHANG Yi

Author information +

History +

Abstract

The work aims to investigate the effects of laser power, scanning speed, and scanning spacing on the microstructure and properties of selective laser melting (SLM)-formed nickel-based superalloy Haynes 230. By combining different levels of the above three SLM forming parameters, 27 SLM process schemes were determined, and corresponding SLM forming experiments were conducted. The densification of each specimen was measured according to Archimedes' principle. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to observe the microstructure and defect types of the specimens. The formation mechanisms of defects were analyzed to investigate the variations in densification and defects with different process parameters, ultimately determining the optimal SLM process parameters for Haynes 230 alloy. The experimental results showed that when the laser power in the SLM process was 155 W, the scanning speed was 700 mm/s, and the scanning spacing was 90 μm, the densification of the alloy could reach the highest, which was 99.9%. At this time, the microstructure was the most uniform and the connection was the densest. In conclusion, when the laser power is too low and the scanning speed is too large, it is easy to form unfused hole defects. The scanning speed and scanning spacing will affect the width and depth of the molten pool, and will affect the welding between the liquid phase and the powder, the deposition layer and the layer, and the larger internal stress gradient will even lead to cracks, warping and other defects.

Key words

SLM / Haynes 230 alloy / forming quality / defect / densification

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

HAN Jinchao, ZHANG Ying, WANG Changhe, HUANG Sihan, ZHANG Ziheng, JIANG Jincheng, ZHANG Yi. Effects of SLM Parameters on Forming Quality of Haynes 230 Alloy[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering. 2026, 18(3): 146-155 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.03.016

References

[1] 唐中杰, 郭铁明, 付迎, 等. 镍基高温合金的研究现状与发展前景[J]. 金属世界, 2014(1): 36-40.
TANG Z J, GUO T M, FU Y, et al.Research Present Situation and the Development Prospect of Nickel-Based Superalloy[J]. Metal World, 2014(1): 36-40.
[2] 金丹, 龙浩跃, 韩高枫, 等. Haynes230镍基合金的高温拉伸变形行为[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2022, 51(8): 3013-3017.
JIN D, LONG H Y, HAN G F, et al.High Temperature Tensile Deformation Behavior of Haynes230 Nickel Base Superalloy[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2022, 51(8): 3013-3017.
[3] 周岚, 高佩, 陈婷, 等. Haynes 230镍基合金无缝管的组织及性能[J]. 金属热处理, 2019, 44(2): 54-58.
ZHOU L, GAO P, CHEN T, et al.Microstructure and Properties of Haynes 230 Ni-Based Alloy Seamless Tube[J]. Heat Treatment of Metals, 2019, 44(2): 54-58.
[4] ZHANG D X, WEN Z X, YUE Z F.Effects of Strain Rate and Temperature on Mechanical Property of Nickel-Based Superalloy GH3230[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2015, 44(11): 2601-2606.
[5] 宋志坤, 刘元富, 陈德强, 等. 热处理对选区激光熔化GH3230高温合金显微组织及高温拉伸力学性能的影响[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2022, 51(7): 2654-2661.
SONG Z K, LIU Y F, CHEN D Q, et al.Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and High Temperature Tensile Mechanical Properties of Selective-Laser-Melted GH3230 Superalloy[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2022, 51(7): 2654-2661.
[6] JIA H L, SUN H, WANG H Z, et al.Scanning Strategy in Selective Laser Melting (SLM): A Review[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2021, 113(9): 2413-2435.
[7] 赵志国, 柏林, 李黎, 等. 激光选区熔化成形技术的发展现状及研究进展[J]. 航空制造技术, 2014, 57(19): 46-49.
ZHAO Z G, BAI L, LI L, et al.Status and Progress of Selective Laser Melting Forming Technology[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2014, 57(19): 46-49.
[8] ZHAO Y N, MA Z Q, YU L M, et al.New Alloy Design Approach to Inhibiting Hot Cracking in Laser Additive Manufactured Nickel-Based Superalloys[J]. Acta Materialia, 2023, 247: 118736.
[9] MOMENI K.Sensitivity of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufactured HAYNES230 to Composition and Print Parameters[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2021, 15: 6453-6463.
[10] CAO L, BRADFORD-VIALVA R L, ECKERLE R M, et al. Development of Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Nickel-Based Nanocomposites Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion[J]. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2023, 25(4): 2201197.
[11] 曹祎凡, 王瑞, 孙宝德, 等. 3D打印镍基高温合金研究进展[J]. 精密成形工程, 2024, 16(7): 76-95.
CAO Y F, WANG R, SUN B D, et al.Research Progress of Nickel-Based Superalloys for 3D Printing[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering, 2024, 16(7): 76-95.
[12] 孙滨, 欧阳佩旋, 黄瑾, 等. 工艺参数对选区激光熔化NiCoCr中熵合金性能的影响[J]. 有色金属工程, 2024, 14(12): 212-219.
SUN B, OUYANG P X, HUANG J, et al.Influence of Process Parameters on the Performance of Selective Laser Melting Formed NiCoCr Medium-Entropy Alloy[J]. Nonferrous Metals Engineering, 2024, 14(12): 212-219.
[13] 周陈巍, 余小鲁. SLM成形GH3536合金组织与硬度的研究[J]. 安徽工程大学学报, 2024, 39(3): 8-13.
ZHOU C W, YU X L.Study on Microstructure and Hardness of GH3536 Alloy Formed by SLM[J]. Journal of Anhui Polytechnic University, 2024, 39(3): 8-13.
[14] 杜东方, 吴代建, 张光明, 等. 激光选区熔化成形参数对GH3625合金表面粗糙度的影响[J]. 应用激光, 2024, 44(7): 10-18.
DU D F, WU D J, ZHANG G M, et al.Effect of Selective Laser Melting Forming Parameters on Surface Roughness of GH3625 Alloy[J]. Applied Laser, 2024, 44(7): 10-18.
[15] YADROITSEV I, YADROITSAVA I, BERTRAND P, et al.Factor Analysis of Selective Laser Melting Process Parameters and Geometrical Characteristics of Synthesized Single Tracks[J]. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 2012, 18(3): 201-208.
[16] WANG Z Q, HE B, SONG Z F, et al.Optimization of the Process Parameters of Laser Beam Powder Bed Fusion GTD222 Nickel-Based Superalloy Based on Two Laser Energy Densities[J]. Metals, 2022, 12(7): 1154.
[17] PAN W, TANG Y J, LIU Y T, et al.Experimental Investigation of Selective Laser Melting AlSi₁₀Mg Alloy[M]. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018: 543-550.
[18] 谢琰军, 杨怀超, 王学兵, 等. 激光参数和扫描策略对选择性激光熔化TC11合金成形性能的影响[J]. 粉末冶金工业, 2018, 28(2): 18-24.
XIE Y J, YANG H C, WANG X B, et al.Effects of Laser Parameters and Scanning Strategy on the Forming Properties of Selective Laser Melting TC11 Alloy[J]. Powder Metallurgy Industry, 2018, 28(2): 18-24.
[19] JAVIDRAD H R, SALEMI S.Effect of the Volume Energy Density and Heat Treatment on the Defect, Microstructure, and Hardness of L-PBF Inconel 625[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 2020, 51(11): 5880-5891.
[20] SCHÖNRATH H, SPASOVA M, KILIAN S O, et al. Additive Manufacturing of Soft Magnetic Permalloy from Fe and Ni Powders: Control of Magnetic Anisotropy[J]. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2019, 478: 274-278.
[21] DELLA G R, LAMPITELLA V, TROFA M, et al.Reducing the Energy Density in Selective Laser Melting of an Al-Si-Mg-Cu Alloy through an Improved Spreading Process of the Powder Bed[J]. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, 2022, 38: 813-823.
[22] 赵春玲, 李维, 王强, 等. 激光选区熔化成形钛合金内部缺陷及其演化规律研究[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2021, 50(8): 2841-2849.
ZHAO C L, LI W, WANG Q, et al.Investigation on Relationship between Defects and Paramaters for Titanium Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2021, 50(8): 2841-2849.
[23] WANG Z T, YANG S L, HUANG Y B, et al.Microstructure and Fatigue Damage of 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting (SLM)[J]. Materials, 2021, 14(24): 7544.
[24] AKITA M, UEMATSU Y, KAKIUCHI T, et al.Defect-Dominated Fatigue Behavior in Type 630 Stainless Steel Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2016, 666: 19-26.
[25] YAN A R, ATIF A M, WANG X B, et al.The Microstructure and Cracking Behaviors of Pure Molybdenum Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting[J]. Materials, 2022, 15(18): 6230.
[26] 易涛, 成靖, 赵仲哲, 等. 体能量密度对选区激光熔化钛合金表面质量及致密度的影响[J]. 钢铁钒钛, 2022, 43(4): 75-79.
YI T, CHENG J, ZHAO Z Z, et al.Effect of Volumetric Energy Density on Surface Roughness and Density of Selective Laser Melted Titanium Alloy[J]. Iron Steel Vanadium Titanium, 2022, 43(4): 75-79.
[27] CHEN Z, WEI Z Y, WEI P, et al.Experimental Research on Selective Laser Melting AlSi₁₀Mg Alloys: Process, Densification and Performance[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2017, 26(12): 5897-5905.
[28] CHENG Q, YAN X.Effect of Scanning Speed on Microstructure and Properties of Inconel 718 Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion[J]. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 2023, 76(4): 997-1006.
[29] YOUNG Z A, CODAY M M, GUO Q L, et al.Uncertainties Induced by Processing Parameter Variation in Selective Laser Melting of Ti₆Al₄V Revealed by In-Situ X-Ray Imaging[J]. Materials, 2022, 15(2): 530.
[30] CHAI R X, ZHANG Y P, ZHONG B, et al.Effect of Scan Speed on Grain and Microstructural Morphology for Laser Additive Manufacturing of 304 Stainless Steel[J]. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, 2021, 60(1): 744-760.
[31] WANG H Y, WANG B B, WANG L, et al.Impact of Laser Scanning Speed on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inconel 718 Alloys by Selective Laser Melting[J]. China Foundry, 2021, 18(3): 170-179.
[32] 宜亚丽, 武红波, 贾长治, 等. 层间激光重熔对激光选区熔化成形件内部残余应力的影响[J]. 中国激光, 2023, 50(24): 2402302.
YI Y L, WU H B, JIA C Z, et al.Influence of Interlayer Laser Remelting on Residual Stress during Forming Using Selective Laser Melting[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2023, 50(24): 2402302.