Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Double-pass Laser Welded TA17 Titanium Alloy/Vanadium/321 Stainless Steel Dissimilar Joints

LI Jingxuan; MAO Yuqing; XU Liang; XU Muzhong; ZHENG Hua; YAN Xianwei; LU Lili; Berdnikova Olena

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.02.013

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Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering ›› 2026, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (2) : 134-144. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.02.013

Advanced Joining Technology

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Double-pass Laser Welded TA17 Titanium Alloy/Vanadium/321 Stainless Steel Dissimilar Joints

LI Jingxuan¹, MAO Yuqing^1,*, XU Liang², XU Muzhong², ZHENG Hua¹, YAN Xianwei¹, LU Lili³, Berdnikova Olena³

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Abstract

The work aims to address the problem of the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs) such as Ti-Fe during the welding of titanium alloy and stainless steel. Pure vanadium was used as the interlayer material for double-pass laser welding of 5 mm thick TA17 titanium alloy and 321 stainless steel dissimilar materials. After welding, metallographic microscope, scanning electron microscope, universal testing machine, etc. were used to analyze and characterize micro morphology and mechanical properties of the joints, and reveal the joining mechanism at the interface. When the laser power was 4.1 kW (titanium side) and 3.6 kW (stainless steel side), the welding speed was 20 mm/s, and the laser beam shifted to the base material by 0.5 mm, the unmelted vanadium layer could effectively block Ti and Fe elements, and formed a good metallurgical bonding with the fusion zones on both sides. Due to the diffusion of V element, a diffusion layer with a width of about 30 μm was generated between the fusion zone and the vanadium interlayer. The microstructure in the WZ₁ diffusion layer was composed of (βTi, V) solid solution, while the WZ₂ diffusion layer consisted of γ-Fe and (Fe, V) Fe-based solid solution. Meanwhile, the vanadium layer was softened by twice welding thermal cycles, and the average hardness was about 85.9HV, which was significantly lower than that of the fusion zone and the base material. In addition, the cracks initiated from the vanadium particles precipitated inside the vanadium layer, which resulted in the fracture of the joints into the vanadium layer. The maximum tensile strength was up to 330.6 MPa. The double-pass laser welding of titanium/steel with vanadium as the interlayer can significantly improve the quality of the joints by inhibiting the formation of brittle Ti-Fe intermetallic compounds, which provides the process optimization and theoretical basis for the engineering application of thick titanium-steel composite structures.

Key words

titanium alloy / stainless steel / double-pass laser welding / vanadium interlayer / intermetallic compound

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LI Jingxuan, MAO Yuqing, XU Liang, XU Muzhong, ZHENG Hua, YAN Xianwei, LU Lili, Berdnikova Olena. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Double-pass Laser Welded TA17 Titanium Alloy/Vanadium/321 Stainless Steel Dissimilar Joints[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering. 2026, 18(2): 134-144 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.02.013

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Funding

National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFE0201400); The Outstanding Youth Foundation in Jiangxi Province, China (20224ACB214012); The Key Project of Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (20252BAC250045)