Influence of Wire Feeding Speed on Forming Process, Microstructure and Properties of S216 Copper Alloy CMT Deposited Layer

XU Yulang; WU Zhengfeng; DING Li'nan; ZENG Zhihao; LIU Jian; ZHAO Hongquan

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2025.10.013

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Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering ›› 2025, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (10) : 135-145. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2025.10.013

Additive Manufacturing

Influence of Wire Feeding Speed on Forming Process, Microstructure and Properties of S216 Copper Alloy CMT Deposited Layer

XU Yulang^1,2, WU Zhengfeng³, DING Li'nan¹, ZENG Zhihao¹, LIU Jian², ZHAO Hongquan^1,*

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Abstract

The work aims to investigate the impact of wire feeding speed on the formation of the aluminum bronze single-layer and the single pass deposited layer in the CMT arc additive process of S216 copper alloy. Its microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties were analyzed to provide data support for the additive manufacturing of single pass multi-layer thin-walled walls. The research results indicated that, under the control of welding speed, dry elongation, and welding gun inclination angle, as the wire feeding speed increased, the layer width, depth, layer height coefficient, cross-sectional area, and dilution rate of the deposited layer all increased, while the layer height of the deposited layer exhibited increasing and then decreasing with higher wire feeding speeds. When the wire feeding speed became excessively high, surface defects such as uneven spreading and wrinkled oxidation were observed on the deposited layer. In terms of microstructure, the deposited layer of aluminum bronze was mainly composed of α-Cu phase, β' phase, and Fe rich phase. As the wire feeding speed increased, the morphology of the Fe rich phase transitioned from needle like and granular to snowflake like and dendritic. At high wire feeding speed, infiltration cracks occurred due to the metallurgical bond formed between the deposited layer and the substrate. Regarding mechanical properties, the microhardness of the deposited layer reached its peak value of 165HV at a wire feeding speed of 7 m/min, primarily due to the increased Fe-rich phase content. Additionally, the shear strength between the deposited layer and the substrate exceeded 640 MPa. In conclusion, when aluminum bronze is deposited onto a Q235 low-carbon steel substrate, the bonding strength between the deposited layer and the substrate is significantly high, leading to the formation of a robust metallurgical bond.

Key words

S216 aluminum bronze / CMT arc additive / deposited layer / microstructure and properties

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XU Yulang, WU Zhengfeng, DING Li'nan, ZENG Zhihao, LIU Jian, ZHAO Hongquan. Influence of Wire Feeding Speed on Forming Process, Microstructure and Properties of S216 Copper Alloy CMT Deposited Layer[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering. 2025, 17(10): 135-145 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2025.10.013

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Funding

Jiangsu Maritime Institute Research Launch Foundation (2024BSKY22); Jiangsu Maritime Institute Project (2024ZKyb03); College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project; Jiangsu Province "Vice President of Science and Technology" Project (FZ20241869)