Effect of Line Energy and Trajectory Angle on CMT Additive Forming of 304 Stainless Steel

XU Wanghui; LI Zhanlei; YUAN Hao; ZHANG Tian; ZHAO Rongze; YU Chen; DONG Chunlin; LIU Li; LI Yu; Ermatov Ziuadulla Dosmatovich

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2025.10.012

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Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering ›› 2025, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (10) : 127-134. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2025.10.012

Additive Manufacturing

Effect of Line Energy and Trajectory Angle on CMT Additive Forming of 304 Stainless Steel

XU Wanghui^1,*, LI Zhanlei², YUAN Hao², ZHANG Tian³, ZHAO Rongze³, YU Chen³, DONG Chunlin¹, LIU Li¹, LI Yu⁴, Ermatov Ziuadulla Dosmatovich⁵

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Abstract

The work aims to investigate the effects of linear energy and trajectory angle on the microstructure and properties of Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) additive components to obtain 304 stainless steel thin-walled components with good surface quality. Experiments were conducted by CMT arc additive manufacturing on a 304 stainless steel substrate of 300 mm× 150 mm×8 mm. The additive components were sectioned and etched for metallographic analysis. The microstructure of the formed components was observed with a metallographic microscope, and their mechanical properties were tested with a universal tensile testing machine. The influence of heat input on the microstructure and properties of the formed components was analyzed and discussed. The results showed that, for every 50 J/cm increase in linear energy, the layer height increased by 10.9%, and the layer width increased by 6.3%. With the same linear energy, smaller angles resulted in greater width and height. As the linear energy increased, the number of columnar grain structures in the arc additive samples also increased. As the trajectory angle decreased, the microstructure at the angle became coarser. With the increase of the welding linear energy, the tensile strength of the samples increased from 563 MPa at 150 J/cm to 604 MPa at 300 J/cm, representing an increase of 7.3%. The study demonstrates that, as the linear energy increases, the width and height of the cladding layer increase, and the texture size of the cladding metal also increases. As the trajectory angle decreases, the width and height of the cladding layer at the angle increase, and the columnar grain structure becomes larger. By calculating the cladding area at the angle of the trajectory, a mathematical model of the overlapping area of the cladding metal at the angle was obtained. This model can be used to characterize the size of the cladding layer at the angle. Increasing the trajectory angle and reducing the linear energy make it easier to obtain a uniform-sized additive structure.

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arc additive / 304 stainless steel / line energy / microstructure / mechanical property

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XU Wanghui, LI Zhanlei, YUAN Hao, ZHANG Tian, ZHAO Rongze, YU Chen, DONG Chunlin, LIU Li, LI Yu, Ermatov Ziuadulla Dosmatovich. Effect of Line Energy and Trajectory Angle on CMT Additive Forming of 304 Stainless Steel[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering. 2025, 17(10): 127-134 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2025.10.012

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Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China (52205341); International Science and Technology Cooperation Project of Guangzhou Development Zone (2023GH19)