Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior and Numerical Simulation of Cr-Ni-Co-Mo-Based Ultra-high Strength Stainless Steel

DING Yi; DING Haochen; WANG Yukuo; WANG Yinghu; SHENG Zhendong; ZHANG Chi

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2025.09.014

PDF(4754 KB)

Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering ›› 2025, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (9) : 145-156. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2025.09.014

Iron and Steel Forming

Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior and Numerical Simulation of Cr-Ni-Co-Mo-Based Ultra-high Strength Stainless Steel

DING Yi¹, DING Haochen¹, WANG Yukuo¹, WANG Yinghu², SHENG Zhendong², ZHANG Chi^1,*

Author information +

History +

Abstract

The work aims to study the dynamic recrystallization behavior of Cr-Ni-Co-Mo ultra-high strength martensitic stainless steel to provide guidance for hot working process optimization. With Cr-Ni-Co-Mo ultra-high strength stainless steel as the research subject, isothermal constant strain rate hot compression experiments were conducted using a Gleeble thermal simulation tester under deformation temperatures of 1 050-1 150 ℃ and strain rates of 0.001-0.1 s^-1. Through analysis of flow stress curves, a JMAK (Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov) model for dynamic recrystallization kinetics was established. The predictive accuracy of the model was verified by comparing its calculated values with experimental data. Furthermore, the model was integrated into DEFORM-3D software to analyze deformation characteristics during the hot working process of Cr-Ni-Co-Mo ultra-high strength stainless steel. During the upsetting and stretching processes, the temperature field, strain field, and microstructure field of the experimental steel underwent significant dynamic evolution, demonstrating complex multi-field coupling effects involving thermal, mechanical and microstructural interactions. During upsetting, the internal temperature of the steel notably increased (peak 1 170 ℃) with strain concentration in the core region. In the stretching stage, equivalent strain further increased to 1.8 maximum, accompanied by dynamic recrystallization. In conclusion, the developed JMAK model for dynamic recrystallization kinetics exhibits high predictive accuracy, validated by experimental data. Coupling this model with forging simulations enables deeper insights into the hot-deformation mechanisms of Cr-Ni-Co-Mo martensitic ultra-high-strength stainless steel, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing thermal processing parameters.

Key words

ultra-high stainless steel / high-temperature austenitic / dynamic recrystallization / hot deformation / numerical simulation

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

DING Yi, DING Haochen, WANG Yukuo, WANG Yinghu, SHENG Zhendong, ZHANG Chi. Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior and Numerical Simulation of Cr-Ni-Co-Mo-Based Ultra-high Strength Stainless Steel[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering. 2025, 17(9): 145-156 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2025.09.014

References

[1] LIU Z B, LIANG J X, SU J, et al.Research and Application Progress in Ultra-High Strength Stainless Steel[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2020, 56(4): 549-557.
[2] LI X Y, ZHANG Z H, CHENG X W, et al.The Investigation on Johnson-Cook Model and Dynamic Mechanical Behaviors of Ultra-High Strength Steel M54[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2022, 835: 142693.
[3] YANG Z, LIU Z B, LIANG J X, et al.Elucidating the Role of Secondary Cryogenic Treatment on Mechanical Properties of a Martensitic Ultra-High Strength Stainless Steel[J]. Materials Characterization, 2021, 178: 111277.
[4] SAKAI T, BELYAKOV A, KAIBYSHEV R, et al.Dynamic and Post-Dynamic Recrystallization under Hot, Cold and Severe Plastic Deformation Conditions[J]. Progress in Materials Science, 2014, 60: 130-207.
[5] ZHANG H K, XIAO H, FANG X W, et al.A Critical Assessment of Experimental Investigation of Dynamic Recrystallization of Metallic Materials[J]. Materials & Design, 2020, 193: 108873.
[6] MISHRA B, SINGH V, SARKAR R, et al.Dynamic Recovery and Recrystallization Mechanisms in Secondary B2 Phase and Austenite Matrix during Hot Deformation of Fe-Mn-Al-C-(Ni) Based Austenitic Low-Density Steels[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2022, 842: 143095.
[7] 潘品李, 钟约先, 马庆贤, 等. 核电主管道锻件锻造成形均匀性模拟研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2013, 49(10): 97-102.
PAN P L, ZHONG Y X, MA Q X, et al.Simulation on Forming Uniformity of Nuclear Main Pipe Forging[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2013, 49(10): 97-102.
[8] 刘东, 罗子健. 基于显微组织演化的本构关系的有限元变形-传热-组织演化耦合分析方法[J]. 塑性工程学报, 2006, 13(1): 62-66.
LIU D, LUO Z J.Method for Deformation-Heat Transfer-Microstructure Evolution Coupling Analysis via Constitutive Relationship Based on Microstructural Evolution[J]. Journal of Plasticity Engineering, 2006, 13(1): 62-66.
[9] LIN Y C, NONG F Q, CHEN X M, et al.Microstructural Evolution and Constitutive Models to Predict Hot Deformation Behaviors of a Nickel-Based Superalloy[J]. Vacuum, 2017, 137: 104-114.
[10] LI Y J, ZHANG Y, CHEN Z Y, et al.Hot Deformation Behavior and Dynamic Recrystallization of GH690 Nickel-Based Superalloy[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2020, 847: 156507.
[11] QUAN G Z, ZHANG K K, AN C, et al.Analysis of Dynamic Recrystallization Behaviors in Resistance Heating Compressions of Heat-Resistant Alloy by Multi-Field and Multi-Scale Coupling Method[J]. Computational Materials Science, 2018, 149: 73-83.
[12] WU H, LIU M X, WANG Y, et al.Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of Dynamic Recrystallization for a FGH96 Superalloy during Isothermal Compression[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2020, 9(3): 5090-5104.
[13] 闫洞旭, 方实年, 蒲春雷, 等. 高强钢筋热压缩过程的本构分析及有限元模拟[J]. 中国冶金, 2021, 31(3): 50-58.
YAN D X, FANG S N, PU C L, et al.Constitutive Analysis and Finite Element Simulation of High-Strength Rebar during Hot Compression Process[J]. China Metallurgy, 2021, 31(3): 50-58.
[14] WANG L, CHEN C, WANG Z Y, et al.Effect of Hot Deformation Parameters on Dynamic Recrystallisation Mechanisms of Super Austenitic Stainless Steel[J]. Materials Science and Technology, 2022, 38(2): 78-89.
[15] LUO P, HU C D, WANG Q, et al.Microstructure Simulation and Experiment Investigation of Dynamic Recrystallization for Ultra High Strength Steel during Hot Forging[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2023, 26: 4310-4328.
[16] 杜忠泽, 齐泽江, 党雪, 等. SCM435钢的热压缩流变行为及组织演变[J]. 金属热处理, 2024, 49(1): 76-83.
DU Z Z, QI Z J, DANG X, et al.Rheological Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of SCM435 Steel under Thermal Compression[J]. Heat Treatment of Metals, 2024, 49(1): 76-83.
[17] CHANG Y, MENG Z H, YING L, et al.Influence of Hot Press Forming Techniques on Properties of Vehicle High Strength Steels[J]. Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International, 2011, 18(5): 59-63.
[18] DONG H B, KANG Y L, YU H.A Discussion on Evolution of Micro-structures and Influence Factors During Continuous Rolling of Compact Strip Production[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2009, 20: 274-278.
[19] 汪大年. 金属塑性成形原理[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 1986.
WANG D N.Principle of Metal Plastic Forming[M]. Beijing: China Machine Press, 1986.
[20] 吕炎. 锻压成形理论与工艺[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 1991: 128-130.
LYU Y.Theory and Technology of Forging Forming[M]. Beijing: China Machine Press, 1991: 128-130.
[21] FOLLANSBEE P S, KOCKS U F.A Constitutive Description of the Deformation of Copper Based on the Use of the Mechanical Threshold Stress as an Internal State Variable[J]. Acta Metallurgica, 1988, 36(1): 81-93.
[22] HOSFORD W F.Mechanical Behavior of Materials[M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
[23] 高兴健, 刘鑫, 罗健, 等. DP1180钢的热变形Arrhenius本构模型[J]. 精密成形工程, 2024, 16(11): 108-116.
GAO X J, LIU X, LUO J, et al.Arrhenius Constitutive Model for Hot Deformation of DP1180 Steel[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering, 2024, 16(11): 108-116.
[24] LAASRAOUI A, JONAS J J.Prediction of Steel Flow Stresses at High Temperatures and Strain Rates[J]. Metallurgical Transactions A, 1991, 22(7): 1545-1558.
[25] AVRAMI M.Kinetics of Phase Change. II Transformation-Time Relations for Random Distribution of Nuclei[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1940, 8(2): 212-224.
[26] SELLARS C M.Hot Working and Forming Processes[M]. London: The Metals Society, 1980: 3-15.
[27] JONAS J J, QUELENNEC X, JIANG L, et al.The Avrami Kinetics of Dynamic Recrystallization[J]. Acta Materialia, 2009, 57(9): 2748-2756.
[28] CAO R Z, WANG W, MA S B, et al.Arrhenius Constitutive Model and Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of 18CrNiMo7-6 Steel[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2023, 24: 6334-6347.
[29] WANG W, MA R, LI L P, et al.Constitutive Analysis and Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of As-Cast 40CrNiMo Alloy Steel during Isothermal Compression[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2020, 9(2): 1929-1940.
[30] CHAMANFAR A, VALBERG H S, TEMPLIN B, et al.Development and Validation of a Finite-Element Model for Isothermal Forging of a Nickel-Base Superalloy[J]. Materialia, 2019, 6: 100319.
[31] SLATER C, TAMANNA N, DAVIS C.Optimising Compression Testing for Strain Uniformity to Facilitate Microstructural Assessment during Recrystallisation[J]. Results in Materials, 2021, 11: 100218.
[32] 贾丹, 陈国胜, 王资兴, 等. GH4169合金铸锭开坯过程的热力耦合有限元模拟[J]. 钢铁研究学报, 2011, 23(S2): 150-153.
JIA D, CHEN G S, WANG Z X, et al.Thermal-Mechanical Coupling Finite Element Simulation of Opening Process of GH4169 Alloy Ingot[J]. Journal of Iron and Steel Research, 2011, 23(S2): 150-153.
[33] ZHANG Z J, DAI G Z, WU S N, et al.Simulation of 42CrMo Steel Billet Upsetting and Its Defects Analyses during Forming Process Based on the Software DEFORM-3D[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2009, 499(1/2): 49-52.
[34] BANASZEK G, BAJOR T, KAWAŁEK A, et al. Analysis of the Open Die Forging Process of the AZ91 Magnesium Alloy[J]. Materials, 2020, 13(17): 3873.
[35] CHOI S K, CHUN M S, VAN TYNE C J, et al. Optimization of Open Die Forging of round Shapes Using FEM Analysis[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2006, 172(1): 88-95.
[36] OBIKO J O, MWEMA F M, BODUNRIN M O.Finite Element Simulation of X20CrMoV121 Steel Billet Forging Process Using the Deform 3D Software[J]. SN Applied Sciences, 2019, 1(9): 1044.