Research Status of Brazing Materials for Diamond Optical Window Brazing

SHENG Lanbing; ZHANG Xiaohang; YIN Dongkun; SHE Chun; WANG Xiaoyu; SHEN Yuanxun

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2025.06.001

PDF(4139 KB)

Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering ›› 2025, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (6) : 1-12. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2025.06.001

Precision Brazing

Research Status of Brazing Materials for Diamond Optical Window Brazing

SHENG Lanbing¹, ZHANG Xiaohang¹, YIN Dongkun¹, SHE Chun¹, WANG Xiaoyu², SHEN Yuanxun^1*

Author information +

History +

Abstract

With the iterative upgrading of science and technology, the demand for high performance optical windows is becoming more and more outstanding. Diamond optical windows contain great application prospects in electronics, information, national defense, aerospace and other aspects. At present, diamond windows are facing the status of high performance requirements, difficult connection, and difficult to fulfill the demand of traditional brazing materials. This paper addresses the current status and development trend of research on CVD diamond optical window brazing. Three types of brazing materials, Ni-based, Cu-based and Ag-based, are introduced in the application of diamond brazing. The process of brazing diamond optical windows with Ag-based brazing materials is mainly emphasized. The effects of adding different kinds of alloying components to Ag-based brazing materials on the organization formation and weld properties during the brazing process are outlined. The use of silver-copper based brazing materials to alleviate the problem of high stress and concentration in the joint by single-step and multi-step melting down methods is introduced. The reasons why Ni-based and Cu-based brazing materials are not suitable for window brazing due to the serious graphitization problems and the existence of large residual stresses at high brazing temperature are analyzed, and the problems of different brazing materials and brazing processes in the window brazing process are summarized. Finally, the problems that still exist in the brazing of diamond windows with Ag-based brazing materials are discussed and solutions are proposed, and the future development of diamond window brazing connection is also prospected.

Key words

chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond films / optical windows / brazing / silver-copper / reactive elements

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

SHENG Lanbing, ZHANG Xiaohang, YIN Dongkun, SHE Chun, WANG Xiaoyu, SHEN Yuanxun. Research Status of Brazing Materials for Diamond Optical Window Brazing[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering. 2025, 17(6): 1-12 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2025.06.001

References

[1] WANG Y, YU S W, XUE Y P, et al.Effect of Metal Nanoparticle Doping Concentration on Surface Morphology and Field Emission Properties of Nano-Diamond Films[J]. Chinese Physics B, 2021, 30(6): 068101.
[2] 高峰, 邢秀宽, 王国强, 等. Ag-Cu-Sn-Cr真空钎焊金刚石/铜合金接头微观组织与剪切强度[J]. 电焊机, 2024, 54(2): 58-63.
GAO F, XING X K, WANG G Q, et al.Microstructure and Shear Strength of Diamond/Cu Alloy Joint Brazed with Ag-Cu-Sn-Cr Filler Metal[J]. Electric Welding Machine, 2024, 54(2): 58-63.
[3] 姚正军, 徐鸿钧, 肖冰, 等. Ni-Cr合金Ar气保护炉中钎焊金刚石砂轮的研究[J]. 中国机械工程, 2001, 12(8): 956-958.
YAO Z J, XU H J, XIAO B, et al.Research on Furnace Brazing of Diamond Grinding Wheel with Ni-Cr Alloy under Argon Atmosphere[J]. China Mechanical Engineering, 2001, 12(8): 956-958.
[4] 李时春, 周振红, 伍俏平, 等. 激光钎焊制备金属结合剂金刚石砂轮研究进展[J]. 兵器材料科学与工程, 2019, 42(2): 105-114.
LI S C, ZHOU Z H, WU Q P, et al.Research Progress in Preparation of Metal-Bonded Diamond Grinding Wheel by Laser Brazing[J]. Ordnance Material Science and Engineering, 2019, 42(2): 105-114.
[5] 凌景亮. 不同钎料高频感应钎焊金刚石磨粒的失效机制研究[D]. 泉州: 华侨大学, 2018.
LING J L.Study on Failure Mechanism of Diamond Abrasive Brazed by High Frequency Induction Brazing with Different Fillers[D]. Quanzhou: Huaqiao University, 2018.
[6] 姜政刚, 周建新. 金刚石复合片(PDC)的火焰钎焊[J]. 焊接技术, 2002, 31(6): 57.
JIANG Z G, ZHOU J X.Flame Brazing of Diamond Compact (PDC)[J]. Welding Technology, 2002, 31(6): 57.
[7] 刘洁, 姚小飞, 梅雨清, 等. 真空扩散焊焊接PDC钻头的可行性[J]. 机械工程与自动化, 2008(4): 79-80.
LIU J, YAO X F, MEI Q Y, et al.Feasibility of PDC Aiguille Vacuum Diffusion Bonding[J]. Mechanical Engineering & Automation, 2008(4): 79-80.
[8] YAMAZAKI T, SUZUMURA A.Role of the Reaction Product in the Solidification of Ag-Cu-Ti Filler for Brazing Diamond[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 1998, 33: 1379-1384.
[9] 肖冰, 武志斌, 徐鸿钧. 银基钎料钎焊单层金刚石砂轮的研究[J]. 金刚石与磨料磨具工程, 2001, 21(1): 4-5.
XIAO B, WU Z B, XU H J.Sliver-Based Alloy Brazed Single-Layer Diamond Grinding Wheel[J]. Diamond & Abrasives Engineering, 2001, 21(1): 4-5.
[10] LONG W M, LU Q B, ZHONG S J, et al.Research on Interface Structure and Performance of Diamond Brazed Coating Based on Non-Vacuum Environment[J]. Welding in the World, 2022, 66(5): 1043-1052.
[11] 高峰. 金刚石膜片与铜合金活性钎焊材料与工艺研究[D]. 合肥: 合肥工业大学, 2023.
GAO F.Study on Active Brazing Materials and Technology of Diamond Diaphragm and Copper Alloy[D]. Hefei: Hefei University of Technology, 2023.
[12] FEDOSEEV D V, VNUKOV S P, BUKHOVETS V L, et al.Surface Graphitization of Diamond at High Temperatures[J]. Surface and Coatings Technology, 1986, 28(2): 207-214.
[13] BUTENKO Y V, KUZNETSOV V L, CHUVILIN A L, et al.Kinetics of the Graphitization of Dispersed Diamonds at “Low” Temperatures[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2000, 88(7): 4380-4388.
[14] SUNG C M, TAI M F.Reactivities of Transition Metals with Carbon: Implications to the Mechanism of Diamond Synthesis under High Pressure[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 1997, 15(4): 237-256.
[15] WANG L, ZHOU J H, LI S T, et al.FEM Simulation of ITER EC H&CD Diamond Microwave Window Unit during Preparation and Subsequent Service[J]. Journal of Fusion Energy, 2024, 43: 5.
[16] MUKHOPADHYAY P, SIMHAN D R, GHOSH A.Challenges in Brazing Large Synthetic Diamond Grit by Ni-based Filler Alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2017, 250: 390-400.
[17] CUI W, LI S Q, YAN J C, et al.Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of Composite Joints of Sapphire by Ultrasonic-Assisted Brazing[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2018, 257: 1-6.
[18] ARTINI C, MUOLO M L, PASSERONE A.Diamond-Metal Interfaces in Cutting Tools: A Review[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2012, 47(7): 3252-3264.
[19] 卢金斌, 席艳君, 王志新. Ni-Cr合金真空钎焊金刚石的碳化物生长及位向关系[J]. 中国有色金属学报, 2010, 20(1): 137-142.
LU J B, XI Y J, WANG Z X.Carbide Growth and Orientation Relationship of Vacuum Brazing Diamond with Ni-Cr Alloy[J]. The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2010, 20(1): 137-142.
[20] 张启运, 庄鸿寿. 钎焊手册[M]. 北京: 机械工业出版社, 2018.
ZHANG Q Y, ZHUANG H S.Handbook of Brazing and Soldering[M]. Beijing: China Machine Press, 2018.
[21] HSIEH Y C, LIN S T.Interfacial Bonding Strength between Brazing Alloys and CVD Diamond[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2009, 18(3): 312-318.
[22] LU J B, CAO Z Y, QI F J, et al.Evolution of Interface Carbide Diamond Brazed with Filler Alloy Containing Cr[J]. Diamond and Related Materials, 2018, 90: 116-125.
[23] CHEN J C, MU D K, LIAO X J, et al.Interfacial Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Diamond Brazed by Ni-Cr-P Filler Alloy[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2018, 74: 52-60.
[24] MA B J, YANG G L, BU F N.Study of Brazed Diamond Micro-Powder Burs Fabricated Using Induction Brazing with either an Amorphous or a Crystalline Ni-Based Filler Alloy[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2017, 62: 58-63.
[25] HUANG S F, TSAI H L, LIN S T.Laser Brazing of Diamond Grits Using a Cu-15Ti-10Sn Brazing Alloy[J]. Materials Transactions, 2002, 43(10): 2604-2608.
[26] 崔冰, 江涛, 赵卫星, 等. Ti₃AlC₂构建梯度界面对Cu-20Sn-10Ti合金钎料钎焊金刚石磨粒磨削性能的影响[J]. 机械工程学报, 2025, 61(4): 156-166.
CUI B, JIANG T, ZHAO W X, et al.Effect of Ti₃AlC₂ Construction Gradient Interface on Brazing Diamond Abrasive Grains with Cu-20Sn-10Ti Filler Metals[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2025, 61(4): 156-166.
[27] LEINENBACH C, TRANSCHEL R, GORGIEVSKI K, et al.Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of Cu-Sn-Ti-Based Active Braze Alloy Containing in Situ Formed Nano-Sized TiC Particles[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2015, 24(5): 2042-2050.
[28] LU J B, QI W C, LI Y, et al.Analysis on Brazed Diamond Joints with Modified Cu-Based Filler Alloy[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2017, 67: 141-146.
[29] 刘明超. 锯片用异种材质Cu基钎焊工艺优化的研究[D]. 青岛: 青岛科技大学, 2023.
LIU M C.Study on Optimization of Cu-based Brazing Process of Different Materials for Saw Blades[D]. Qingdao: Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 2023.
[30] 赵宁, 袁洁, 南俊马, 等. Cu-32Mn-8Ti预合金粉末与金刚石颗粒的界面反应[J]. 人工晶体学报, 2008, 37(1): 124-128.
ZHAO N, YUAN J, NAN J M, et al.Interfacial Reaction between Diamond Grit and Cu-32Mn-8Ti Prealloyed Powder[J]. Journal of Synthetic Crystals, 2008, 37(1): 124-128.
[31] 虞觉奇, 易文质, 陈邦迪, 等. 二元合金相图集[M]. 上海: 上海科技出版社, 1991: 317-328.
YU J Q, YI W Z, CHEN B D, et al.Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Scientific & Technical Publishers, 1991: 317-328.
[32] 龙伟民, 张冠星, 张青科, 等. 钎焊过程原位合成高强度银钎料[J]. 焊接学报, 2015, 36(11): 1-4.
LONG W M, ZHANG G X, ZHANG Q K, et al.In-Situ Synthesis of High Strength Ag Brazing Filler Metals during Brazing Process[J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2015, 36(11): 1-4.
[33] HSIEH Y C, LIN S T.Microstructural Development of Cu-Sn-Ti Alloys on Graphite[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2008, 466(1/2): 126-132.
[34] KLOTZ U E, LIU C L, KHALID F A, et al.Influence of Brazing Parameters and Alloy Composition on Interface Morphology of Brazed Diamond[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2008, 495(1/2): 265-270.
[35] XIN Y B, GAO J, ZHENG K, et al.Magnetron Sputtering TiZrNbTa HEA Coating on CVD Single Crystal Diamond for Improving Its Solderability with Cu[J]. Diamond and Related Materials, 2024, 142: 110774.
[36] WEI H F, ZHANG H, XU D, et al.Diamonds Brazing with a Novel Cu₃₅Ni₃₅Cr₁₀Fe₁₀Sn₁₀ High-Entropy Alloy Filler[J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2024, 107(10): 6985-6998.
[37] CUI B, LIU Z W, DU Q B, et al.Mechanism of Mn in Controlling the Microscopic Characterization and Interfacial Properties of CuSnTiGa Filler Metal for Brazing Diamond Abrasives[J]. Diamond and Related Materials, 2024, 143: 110903.
[38] 卢金斌, 徐九华. Ag-Cu-Ti钎焊金刚石的界面结构及热应力分析[J]. 稀有金属材料与工程, 2009, 38(4): 642-646.
LU J B, XU J H.Interface Microstructure and Thermal Stress of Diamond Brazing with Ag-Cu-Ti Filler[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2009, 38(4): 642-646.
[39] 龙伟民, 郝庆乐, 傅玉灿, 等. 金刚石工具钎焊用连接材料研究进展[J]. 材料导报, 2020, 34(23): 23138-23144.
LONG W M, HAO Q L, FU Y C, et al.Research Progress of Filler Metals for Brazing Diamond Tools[J]. Materials Reports, 2020, 34(23): 23138-23144.
[40] 肖冰, 武志斌, 徐鸿钧. 金刚石与金属基体钎焊机理的研究[J]. 航空精密制造技术, 2000, 36(6): 21-24.
XIAO B, WU Z B, XU H J.A Study on the Mechanism of Brazing between Diamond and Metal Matrix[J]. Aviation Precision Manufacturing Technology, 2000, 36(6): 21-24.
[41] 张凤林, 周玉梅, 付凯旋, 等. Cr、Ti金属粉改善Ag-Cu-Zn合金对金刚石的钎焊性能研究[J]. 金刚石与磨料磨具工程, 2007, 27(3): 22-25.
ZHANG F L, ZHOU Y M, FU K X, et al.Adding Cr/Ti Metal Powder to Improve Brazing Performance of Ag-Cu-Zn Alloy to Diamond[J]. Diamond & Abrasives Engineering, 2007, 27(3): 22-25.
[42] YAMAZAKI T, SUZUMURA A.Reaction Products at Brazed Interface between Ag-Cu-V Filler Metal and Diamond (111)[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2006, 41(19): 6409-6416.
[43] LIAO X J, HE Q Q, MU D K, et al.Wettability of Sn-Ti Alloys on Poly-Crystalline CVD Diamond Plates[J]. Solid State Phenomena, 2018, 273: 181-186.
[44] LIAO X J, HE Q Q, LIN Q L, et al.Reactive Wetting of Sn-V Solder Alloys on Polycrystalline CVD Diamond[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2020, 504: 144508.
[45] CHEN J C, MU D K, LIAO X J, et al.Wettability and Interface Reaction of Sn-Cr Powder Alloy on Poly- Crystalline Diamond (PCD)[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018, 423: 012063.
[46] LIAO X J, MU D K, WANG J X, et al.Formation of TiC via Interface Reaction between Diamond Grits and Sn-Ti Alloys at Relatively Low Temperatures[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2017, 66: 252-257.
[47] 亢世江, 陈学广, 吕志勇, 等. 钎焊金刚石膜的试验研究及机理分析[J]. 焊接学报, 2005, 26(2): 77-80.
KANG S J, CHEN X G, LYU Z Y, et al.Experimental Investigation and Bonding Mechanism of Brazing Diamond Film[J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2005, 26(2): 77-80.
[48] LI Y L, WU Q, LIN W, et al.Brazing of Diamond to Invar with Ag-Cu-Ti Filler Alloy: Wettability, Microstructure and Mechanical Performance[J]. Diamond and Related Materials, 2024, 145: 111045.
[49] 王思鸿, 文艺, 卜永周, 等. AgCuTi合金钎料粉末的制备及性能[J]. 有色金属工程, 2024, 14(3): 43-50.
WANG S H, WEN Y, BU Y Z, et al.Preparation and Properties of AgCuTi Alloy Solder Powder[J]. Nonferrous Metals Engineering, 2024, 14(3): 43-50.
[50] 孙凤莲, 赵密, 李丹, 等. CVD金刚石膜的钎焊界面反应层及微结构[J]. 焊接学报, 2006, 27(9): 70-72.
SUN F L, ZHAO M, LI D, et al.Interfacial Reaction Layers and Microstructure of Brazed Joint of CVD Diamond Film[J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2006, 27(9): 70-72.
[51] 宋子明. 金刚石与无氧铜钎焊接头组织和力学性能研究[D]. 南昌: 南昌大学, 2024.
SONG Z M.Study on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Brazed Joint between Diamond and Oxygen-free Copper[D]. Nanchang: Nanchang University, 2024.
[52] XU H T, LI Y F, WANG L, et al.Optimized AgCuSnTi Filler Alloy for Brazing of Diamond/Copper Combination Used in Microwave Windows: Microstructure and Mechanical Performance[J]. Vacuum, 2023, 212: 112024.
[53] KLOTZ U E, KHALID F A, ELSENER H R.Nanocrystalline Phases and Epitaxial Interface Reactions during Brazing of Diamond Grits with Silver Based Incusil-ABA Alloy[J]. Diamond and Related Materials, 2006, 15(10): 1520-1524.
[54] LIU Z, LIAO X J, FU W, et al.Microstructures and Bonding Strength of Synthetic Diamond Brazed by Near-Eutectic Ag-Cu-In-Ti Filler Alloy[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2020, 790: 139711.
[55] 温嘉雯. 金刚石/无氧铜封接用Ag基钎料设计及钎焊机理研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2023.
WEN J W.Design and Brazing Mechanism of Ag-based Solder for Diamond/oxygen-free Copper Sealing[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2023.
[56] ZHANG X F, LIN P P, LIN J C, et al.A New Low-Temperature Preparation Technology of Heat-Resistant Diamond/Cu Joint Using Composite Braze: Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties Strengthening[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2023, 322: 118194.
[57] HU T Q, CHEN H T, LI M Y.Die Attach Materials with High Remelting Temperatures Created by Bonding Cu@Sn Microparticles at Lower Temperatures[J]. Materials & Design, 2016, 108: 383-390.
[58] RODRIGUEZ R I, IBITAYO D, QUINTERO P O.Thermal Stability Characterization of the Au-Sn Bonding for High-Temperature Applications[J]. IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology, 2013, 3(4): 549-557.
[59] 张金钰, 周泳江, 张翀, 等. 3d过渡金属高熵高温合金的研究进展[J]. 材料热处理学报, 2025, 46(2): 1-13.
ZHANG J Y, ZHOU Y J, ZHANG C, et al.Research Progress of 3d Transition Metal High Entropy Superalloys[J]. Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment, 2025, 46(2): 1-13.
[60] 那慧康, 杨九卿, 寇生中, 等. 非晶合金的铸造工艺研究进展[J]. 精密成形工程, 2024, 16(12): 218-230.
NA H K, YANG J Q, KOU S Z, et al.Research Progress of Amorphous Alloy Casting Process[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering, 2024, 16(12): 218-230.