目的 针对铸锭过程中大型钢锭内部的孔洞问题,以铸态25Cr2Ni4MoV钢为研究对象,通过实验和模拟等方法探究其在锻压过程中锭子内部应力应变分布,确定最佳工艺参数。方法 采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机在温度为900~1 200 ℃、应变速率为0.05~5 s-1条件下对25Cr2Ni4MoV钢进行压缩实验,得出应力-应变曲线,并将其导入Deform-3D有限元模拟软件中进行模拟。结果 在镦粗过程中,锻件端面与砧子接触区域产生了难变形区,此区域内孔洞在仅镦粗情况下无法闭合。在拔长阶段,第二道次下压后,随着压下率增大,难变形区域内等效应变值增大,静水应力增大,随着高径比减小,难变形区内z轴压应力增大,y轴压应力增大（第二道次压下方向）。当压下率为27%、高径比为0.6时,孔洞在第三道次结束后才能闭合。结论 当压下率为27%、镦粗后锻件高径比为0.6时,难变形区域内孔洞在拔长三道次结束后实现完全闭合。过大压下率可能导致锻件塑性不足,引起开裂、翻转90°时不稳定,产生弯曲和孔洞缺陷扩大等风险。
Abstract
To address issues such as internal voids in large steel ingots during the casting process, the work aims to take cast 25Cr2Ni4MoV steel as the research subject to conduct experiments and simulations to investigate the stress and strain distribution inside the ingot during forging, so as to determine the optimal processing parameters for void closure. Compression tests of 25Cr2Ni4MoV steel were performed with a Gleeble-3500 thermal simulation machine at temperatures ranging from 900 to 1 200 ℃ and strain rates of 0.05 to 5 s-1. The resulting stress-strain curves were imported into Deform-3D finite element simulation software for modeling. During the upsetting process, a difficult-to-deform zone was generated at the contact area between the end face of the forging and the anvil. Pores in this zone could not be closed by upsetting alone. In the elongation stage, after the second-step press, it was observed that as the reduction ratio increased, the equivalent strain and hydrostatic stress in the difficult-to-deform region increased. Furthermore, as the height-to-diameter ratio decreased, the z-axis compressive stress and y-axis compressive stress (in the direction of the second-step press) increased. When the compression ratio was 27% and the high-to-diameter ratio was 0.6, the void could only close after the third pass. The optimal processing parameters are determined to be a reduction ratio of 27% and a height-to-diameter ratio of 0.6 after upsetting, under which voids in the difficult-to-deform region are completely closed after three elongation steps. Excessively high reduction ratios may cause insufficient forging plasticity, leading to cracks, instability during 90° rotation, bending, and enlargement of void defects.
关键词
孔洞闭合 /
难变形区 /
数值模拟 /
拔长 /
25Cr2Ni4MoV钢
Key words
void closure /
hard-to-deform zone /
numerical simulation /
drawing /
25Cr2Ni4MoV steel
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基金
山西省重点研发计划（202202150401007）
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