电子束增材制造镍基高温合金研究进展

孙靖; 王捷; 蒋笑; 王超越; 印瑛; 张莹; 尹玉环

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.06.014

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精密成形工程 ›› 2026, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (6) : 151-170. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.06.014

增材制造

电子束增材制造镍基高温合金研究进展

孙靖^*, 王捷, 蒋笑, 王超越, 印瑛, 张莹, 尹玉环

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Research Progress in the Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing for Fabricating Ni-based Superalloys

SUN Jing^*, WANG Jie, JIANG Xiao, WANG Chaoyue, YIN Ying, ZHANG Ying, YIN Yuhuan

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文章历史 +

摘要

镍基高温合金电子束熔化增材（Electron Beam Melting,EBM）技术在航天发动机零件快速制造领域有广阔的应用前景,本文在大量文献分析的基础上,针对EBM成形镍基高温合金开裂的问题,从构件微观组织演变及元素偏聚行为角度综述了EBM制造镍基高温合金开裂机制与影响因素,并针对性地从后热处理、组织改善、成分调控等角度调研了EBM制造镍基高温合金构件裂纹抑制措施及效果。结果表明,EBM成形镍基高温合金构件成形高度方向呈现明显的粗大柱状晶生长趋势,开裂多发生于柱状晶边缘γ/γ′界面处并沿着大角度晶界急速扩展,在裂纹两侧存在明显的B、Hf、Zr等元素偏聚现象,进一步分析发现,在M₂B金属化合物与γ′相界面处存在纳米非晶层,充分验证了镍基高温合金增材制造构件中多为热裂纹。后续HIP热处理可促使构件中孔洞及微裂纹弥合,但HIP温度需达到γ′溶解温度线以上才会对裂纹弥合有明显效果,通过扫描方式优化可促使粗大柱状晶向等轴晶转变,成分调控可有效减小凝固温度区间,均对EBM制备镍基高温合金热裂抑制有明显效果,但均未形成统一准则。本文研究结果可进一步推进镍基高温合金电子束增材制造技术在航空航天领域的应用。

Abstract

The EBM (electron beam additive manufacturing, EBM) manufacturing of Ni-based superalloys has a promising application prospect in the rapid manufacturing of engine parts. Based on a plenty of literature analysis, to address the cracking problem of nickel-based superalloys fabricated by EBM, the work aims to review the mechanism and impact factors for cracking from the perspectives of component microstructure evolution and elemental segregation behavior and conduct targeted research on crack suppression measures and their effects for EBM-fabricated nickel-based superalloy components in terms of post-heat treatment, microstructure optimization, and composition regulation. EBM-fabricated nickel-based superalloy components exhibited a prominent growth tendency of coarse columnar grains along the building height direction. Cracks mostly initiated at the γ/γ′ interfaces on columnar grain boundaries and rapidly propagated along high-angle grain boundaries. Obvious segregation of elements such as B, Hf and Zr was observed on both sides of the cracks. Further analysis revealed that a nano-amorphous layer existed at the interface between M₂B metallic compounds and the γ′ phase, which fully verified that the cracks in additively manufactured nickel-based superalloy components were predominantly hot cracks. Then, HIP treatment could effectively decrease pores and micro-cracks, but the temperature must exceed the γ′ solvent temperature and thermal cracks would regenerate during the subsequent solution treatment process. Optimizing the scanning strategy or in-situ heat-treatment could promote the transformation of coarse columnar into equiaxed crystals, and additionally, composition regulation could effectively reduce the solidification temperature range, all of which had certain effects on suppressing hot cracking. The research results can further promote the application of EBM for nickel-based superalloys in the aerospace field.

导出引用

孙靖, 王捷, 蒋笑, 王超越, 印瑛, 张莹, 尹玉环. 电子束增材制造镍基高温合金研究进展[J]. 精密成形工程. 2026, 18(6): 151-170 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.06.014

SUN Jing, WANG Jie, JIANG Xiao, WANG Chaoyue, YIN Ying, ZHANG Ying, YIN Yuhuan. Research Progress in the Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing for Fabricating Ni-based Superalloys[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering. 2026, 18(6): 151-170 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.06.014

中图分类号： TG146

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