注塑件残余应力的研究进展

方泽楚; 胡晓岳; 龚峰; 单志

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.09.024

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精密成形工程 ›› 2026, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (9) : 240-250. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.09.024

先进制造技术与装备

注塑件残余应力的研究进展

方泽楚¹, 胡晓岳¹, 龚峰², 单志^1,*

作者信息 +

Progress on Residual Stress of Injection Moldings

FANG Zechu¹, HU Xiaoyue¹, GONG Feng², SHAN Zhi^1,*

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

注塑成型作为高分子聚合物制品的主流制造工艺,其过程中产生的残余应力是制约产品性能与服役寿命的关键因素。尤其在光学元器件中,残余应力引发的双折射现象会显著削弱透光性与成像质量。研究表明,注塑残余应力主要源于3个方面：热残余应力、流动残余应力及脱模顶出残余应力。其中,热残余应力因冷却不均形成厚度方向应力梯度,量级最高;流动残余应力与分子链取向密切相关;脱模应力则可通过合理模具设计得到有效控制。应力的检测技术可被分为破坏性与非破坏性两类。光弹性法、X射线衍射法等无损技术适用于透明或改性材料;钻孔法、层去除法等虽具破坏性,但对复杂构件测量精度较高。在应力控制策略方面,主要通过工艺参数优化（模具温度、熔体温度、注射速率等）与退火处理来降低残余应力。当前该领域仍面临多物理场耦合机制不明确、检测手段精度不足等挑战。未来研究应致力于开发原位检测系统,构建数据驱动的工艺-应力映射模型,并探索智能算法辅助的工艺设计与实时调控。本文系统梳理注塑残余应力的研究进展,旨在为后续研究提供理论基础,推动高精度成形制造的发展。

Abstract

Injection molding is a dominant manufacturing process for polymer products. However, the residual stresses generated during molding significantly limit product performance and service life. Especially in optical components, stress-induced birefringence can seriously degrade light transmission and imaging quality. Studies show that residual stresses in injection molding mainly come from three sources: thermal stress, flow stress, and ejection stress. Thermal stress, caused by uneven cooling, creates stress gradients along the thickness direction and is usually the largest in magnitude. Flow stress is closely related to molecular chain orientation. Ejection stress can be effectively controlled through proper mold design. Stress detection techniques are divided into two categories: destructive and non-destructive. Non-destructive methods such as photoelasticity and X-ray diffraction are suitable for transparent or modified materials. Destructive methods such as hole drilling and layer removal can achieve higher accuracy for complex components. Stress control mainly relies on optimizing process parameters, including mold temperature, melt temperature, and injection rate, as well as annealing treatments. Current challenges include unclear multiphysics coupling mechanisms and insufficient detection accuracy. Future research should focus on developing in-situ detection systems, building data-driven process-stress models, and exploring intelligent algorithm-assisted process design and real-time control. This paper systematically reviews the progress in residual stress research, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for future studies and promote the development of high-precision manufacturing.

导出引用

方泽楚, 胡晓岳, 龚峰, 单志. 注塑件残余应力的研究进展[J]. 精密成形工程. 2026, 18(9): 240-250 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.09.024

FANG Zechu, HU Xiaoyue, GONG Feng, SHAN Zhi. Progress on Residual Stress of Injection Moldings[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering. 2026, 18(9): 240-250 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.09.024

中图分类号： TQ320.66

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