激光熔覆铝合金涂层的研究进展

康健健

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.09.015

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精密成形工程 ›› 2026, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (9) : 143-158. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.09.015

增材制造

激光熔覆铝合金涂层的研究进展

康健健

作者信息 +

Research Progress on Laser Cladding Aluminum Alloy Coatings

KANG Jianjian

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

铝合金因其质量轻、比强度高及导热导电性能优异等优点,在航空航天、汽车制造和能源装备等领域得到广泛应用。然而,其表面耐磨性、耐蚀性及高温稳定性较差,限制了它在苛刻环境下的长期服役。激光熔覆技术凭借高能量密度、快速凝固及良好的冶金结合特性,可在铝合金表面制备致密、结合牢固的功能涂层,有效改善其综合性能。本文系统综述了激光熔覆铝合金涂层的研究进展,包括基本原理与关键影响因素,重点介绍了镍基、铜基、铁基、陶瓷及金属陶瓷复合涂层等传统材料体系,并进一步讨论了高熵合金、梯度材料与非晶合金等新型涂层的发展现状。同时分析了不同工艺参数对涂层微观组织、力学性能及耐腐蚀性能的影响。尽管激光熔覆在提升铝合金表面性能方面取得了显著进展,但仍面临若干关键难题：如高反射率与高热导率导致的热输入不足、熔池不稳定引发的裂纹与孔隙、界面反应层造成的结合不均,以及大面积与复杂曲面构件中熔覆质量难以保持一致等。未来研究应聚焦于材料体系创新、工艺参数优化及多物理场耦合控制等方向,以实现高性能、低缺陷及高可靠性的铝合金熔覆涂层,满足高端装备与极端服役环境下的应用需求。

Abstract

Aluminum alloys are widely used in aerospace, automotive manufacturing, and energy equipment due to their light weight, high specific strength, and excellent thermal and electrical conductivity. However, their poor surface wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and high-temperature stability limit their long-term service in harsh environments. Laser cladding technology, with its high energy density, rapid solidification, and excellent metallurgical bonding properties, can be used to prepare dense and firmly bonded functional coatings on the surface of aluminum alloys, effectively improving their comprehensive performance. This article systematically reviews the research progress of laser cladding aluminum alloy coatings, including basic principles and key influencing factors, with a focus on traditional material systems such as nickel-based, copper-based, iron-based, ceramic, and metal ceramic composite coatings, and further discusses the development status of new coatings such as high-entropy alloys, gradient materials, and amorphous alloys. At the same time, the influence mechanisms of different process parameters on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of the coatings are analyzed. Although laser cladding has achieved significant progress in improving the surface properties of aluminum alloys, it still faces several key challenges: such as insufficient heat input due to high reflectivity and high thermal conductivity, cracks and pores caused by unstable molten pools, uneven bonding caused by interface reaction layers, and the difficulty in maintaining consistent cladding quality on large areas and complex curved surfaces. Future research should focus on material system innovation, process parameter optimization, and multi-physical field coupling control, so as to achieve high-performance, low-defect, and highly reliable aluminum alloy cladding coatings, and meet the application requirements of high-end equipment and extreme service environments.

导出引用

康健健. 激光熔覆铝合金涂层的研究进展[J]. 精密成形工程. 2026, 18(9): 143-158 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.09.015

KANG Jianjian. Research Progress on Laser Cladding Aluminum Alloy Coatings[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering. 2026, 18(9): 143-158 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.09.015

中图分类号： TG139.8 TG17

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