目的 针对5A06铝合金蒙皮框架结构消应力热处理工艺规范存在的行业争议,系统评估自然时效、不同温度热处理与振动时效等工艺的残余应力消除效果,为优选高效可靠的应力调控工艺提供理论依据与实验支持。方法 采用无损超声应力检测技术,分别对不同周期自然时效、130 ℃低温热处理、310 ℃高温热处理及振动时效处理的板件进行应力测量。基于概率统计方法分析残余应力分布的均值与标准差,提出一种结合高斯分布拟合与玻耳兹曼累积分布函数的评估方法,以显著区分不同工艺的消应力效果。结果 130 ℃热处理后,残余应力显著降低,分布集中性提高;310 ℃热处理后,残余应力波动较大,消应力效果未达显著水平;自然时效14 d后,应力变化趋于稳定;振动时效具有一定应力均化作用。金相组织显示,130 ℃处理对组织变化的影响低于310 ℃处理。结论 本研究构建了一种基于概率统计与累积分布函数的消应力工艺效果评价方法,可实现复杂结构残余应力消除效果的客观评估。130 ℃低温热处理适用于该合金框架结构的应力调控,而310 ℃高温热处理不宜采用。研究结果可为5A06铝合金焊接结构制造中的工艺优选提供重要理论依据和实践参考。
Abstract
In response to the lack of consensus within the industry regarding stress relief heat treatment specifications for 5A06 aluminum alloy skin-frame structures, the work aims to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of various processes including natural aging, heat treatment at different temperatures, and vibration aging in eliminating residual stress, to provide a theoretical basis and experimental support for selecting efficient and reliable stress control processes. Non-destructive ultrasonic stress testing technology was employed to measure stresses in panels subjected to different durations of natural aging, low-temperature heat treatment at 130 ℃, high-temperature heat treatment at 310 ℃, and vibration aging. The mean and standard deviations of the residual stress distribution were analyzed with probabilistic statistical methods. An evaluation methodology integrating Gaussian distribution fitting and the Boltzmann cumulative distribution function was proposed to better distinguish the stress relief effects of different processes. After the 130 ℃ heat treatment, residual stress was significantly reduced with improved distribution homogeneity. In contrast, the 310 ℃ treatment resulted in substantial fluctuation in residual stress, indicating that the stress relief effect was not significant. Stresses stabilized after 14 days of natural aging. Vibration aging demonstrated a certain stress homogenization effect. Metallographic analysis revealed that the 130 ℃ treatment had a lesser impact on microstructural changes compared to the 310 ℃ treatment. This work establishes an evaluation method based on probabilistic statistics and cumulative distribution functions to objectively assess the effectiveness of stress relief processes in complex structures. The 130 ℃ low-temperature heat treatment is suitable for stress regulation in this alloy frame structure, whereas the 310 ℃ high-temperature heat treatment is not recommended. The findings provide important theoretical and practical guidance for process optimization in the manufacturing of 5A06 aluminum alloy welded structures.
关键词
5A06铝合金 /
热处理 /
残余应力 /
超声应力检测 /
概率统计
Key words
5A06 aluminum alloy /
heat treatment /
residual stress /
ultrasonic stress test /
probabilistic statistics
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基金
陕西省重点研发计划（2026CY-YBXM-834）; 科工集团第四研究院民品项目（0926003）
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