增材制造铜基材料的工艺、组织与性能研究进展

牛敬涵; 邓海亮; 王沛; 郭利萍; 梁士杰; 蔡嘉伟; 付志强; 徐继福

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.08.002

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精密成形工程 ›› 2026, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (8) : 14-33. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.08.002

高端能源、航空航天装备部件精密成形关键技术

增材制造铜基材料的工艺、组织与性能研究进展

牛敬涵¹, 邓海亮^1,*, 王沛², 郭利萍², 梁士杰³, 蔡嘉伟⁴, 付志强⁴, 徐继福⁵

作者信息 +

Research Progress on the Process, Microstructure, and Properties of Additively Manufactured Copper-based Materials

NIU Jinghan¹, DENG Hailiang^1,*, WANG Pei², GUO Liping², LIANG Shijie³, CAI Jiawei⁴, FU Zhiqiang⁴, XU Jifu⁵

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

铜基材料因具有优异的导电性、导热性、延展性、耐腐蚀性、抗菌性及韧性,被广泛应用于航空航天、交通运输、电子、医疗和能源动力等领域。随着零部件轻量化、复杂化和结构功能一体化需求的提高,传统铸造、锻造及切削加工在复杂结构成形、材料利用率和制造周期等方面逐渐受限。增材制造（AM）技术可基于三维模型实现铜基构件逐层成形,为复杂内腔、随形冷却通道及功能梯度构件制造提供新途径。本文总结了铜基材料增材制造的研究进展,重点分析了激光粉末床熔融、电子束粉末床熔融、定向能量沉积、粉末挤出和黏结剂喷射等技术的原理、特点,以及成形过程中易产生的孔隙、裂纹、未熔合和组织不均匀等缺陷;总结了工艺优化、粉末改性、合金化设计、热处理和热等静压等调控策略,最后,展望了铜基材料增材制造在材料体系拓展、在线监测、标准化评价及工业化应用等方面的未来发展方向,以期为结构功能一体化铜基构件的高质量制造提供参考。

Abstract

Copper-based materials are widely used in aerospace, transportation, electronics, medical, and energy power fields due to their excellent electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, ductility, corrosion resistance, antibacterial properties, and toughness. With the increasing demand for lightweight, complexity, and integrated structural and functional components, traditional casting, forging, and cutting processes are gradually being limited in areas such as forming complex structures, material utilization, and manufacturing cycles. Additive manufacturing (AM) technology can achieve layer-by-layer forming of copper-based components based on 3D models, providing new approaches for manufacturing complex internal cavities, conformal cooling channels, and functionally gradient components. The work aims to review the research progress in additive manufacturing of copper-based materials, with a focus on the principles and characteristics of laser powder bed fusion, electron beam powder bed fusion, directed energy deposition, powder extrusion, and binder jetting, as well as typical defects arising during fabrication, including pores, cracks, lack of fusion, and microstructural inhomogeneity. Strategies for improving the forming quality and material properties, including process optimization, powder modification, alloying design, heat treatment, and hot isostatic pressing, are summarized. Finally, the future development directions of additive manufacturing of copper-based materials in areas such as material system expansion, online monitoring, standardization evaluation, and industrial application are discussed, aiming to provide a reference for high-quality manufacturing of integrated copper-based components with integrated structural functions.

导出引用

牛敬涵, 邓海亮, 王沛, 郭利萍, 梁士杰, 蔡嘉伟, 付志强, 徐继福. 增材制造铜基材料的工艺、组织与性能研究进展[J]. 精密成形工程. 2026, 18(8): 14-33 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.08.002

NIU Jinghan, DENG Hailiang, WANG Pei, GUO Liping, LIANG Shijie, CAI Jiawei, FU Zhiqiang, XU Jifu. Research Progress on the Process, Microstructure, and Properties of Additively Manufactured Copper-based Materials[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering. 2026, 18(8): 14-33 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.08.002

中图分类号： TG146.1+1

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