目的 采用激光熔钎焊方法研究焊接速度对6061-T6铝合金与Q235A镀锌钢接头组织特征及力学行为的影响规律。为实现轻量化结构中铝/钢异质材料的高可靠连接,抑制脆性金属间化合物（IMC）生长及提升接头性能提供理论依据。方法 采用直径为1.2 mm的ER2319填充焊丝,在不同焊接速度下采用激光对接焊工艺对6061-T6铝合金和Q235A镀锌钢进行连接。焊接完成之后,采用电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对焊接接头的宏观形貌与微观结构进行观察分析,使用X射线衍射仪（XRD）及能谱分析仪（EDS）对界面处物相组成进行测定,依托显微硬度仪与电子万能试验机完成力学性能测试,重点探究接头组织与性能随焊接速度变化的规律。结果 当焊接速度为0.9~1.8 m/min时,都能形成铝/钢之间的有效连接,当焊接速度为2.1 m/min时,两者之间存在明显的未焊透现象,焊接接头未能形成良好的连接。不同焊接速度下焊缝区组织主要由水滴状和针状枝晶与细小等轴晶组成。随着焊接速度提高,接头界面处的IMC层厚度呈递减趋势,其最大值为28.94 μm。当焊接速度达到1.21 m/min时,接头获得了最优的力学性能,其显微硬度与抗拉强度分别达到峰值154.3HV与128 MPa。焊接接头的断口分析显示,其断裂模式为脆性断裂,并在断口中观察到第二相化合物的存在,直接影响了接头的力学性能。结论 在激光熔钎焊过程中,焊接速度的变化会改变焊接热输入及熔池凝固条件,进而影响显微组织演变和界面IMC层的形成与生长,最终显著影响焊接接头的力学性能。因此,优化焊接速度是进一步提高铝/钢异种金属焊接接头成形质量和综合性能的关键。
Abstract
The work aims to employ the laser brazing-welding method to investigate the effects of welding speed on the microstructural characteristics and mechanical behaviors of joints between 6061-T6 aluminum alloy and Q235A galvanized steel, to provide a theoretical basis for achieving highly reliable connections between dissimilar aluminum and steel materials in lightweight structures, suppressing the growth of brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs), and enhancing joint performance. The 6061-T6 aluminum alloy and Q235A galvanized steel were joined by a laser brazing-welding process with a 1.2 mm diameter ER2319 filler wire at different welding speeds. The macroscopic morphology and microstructure of the joints were characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the phase composition at the interface was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Mechanical properties were evaluated with a microhardness tester and an electronic universal testing machine, focusing on the evolution of joint structure and properties with the welding speed. The results indicated that sound bonding between aluminum and steel was achieved at welding speeds ranging from 0.9 m/min to 1.8 m/min, whereas incomplete penetration occurred at 2.1 m/min, leading to poor joint integrity. The weld microstructure at various speeds consisted mainly of droplet-like and acicular dendrites along with fine equiaxed grains. As the welding speed increased, the thickness of the IMC layer at the joint interface decreased progressively, with a maximum value of 28.94 μm. The optimal mechanical properties were obtained at a welding speed of 1.21 m/min, with peak microhardness and tensile strength reaching 154.3HV and 128 MPa, respectively. Fractographic analysis revealed a brittle fracture mode, and secondary phase compounds in the fracture surface were found to directly deteriorate the mechanical performance of the joints. In conclusion, during the laser brazing-welding process, the variation of the welding speed will change the welding heat input and the solidification conditions of the molten pool, thereby affecting the evolution of microstructure and the formation and growth of the interface IMC layer, and ultimately significantly influencing the mechanical properties of the welded joint. Therefore, optimizing the welding speed is the key to further improving the forming quality and comprehensive performance of aluminum/ steel dissimilar metal welded joints.
关键词
铝/钢异种金属 /
激光熔钎焊 /
显微组织 /
金属间化合物 /
力学性能
Key words
aluminum/steel dissimilar metals /
laser brazing-welding /
microstructure /
intermetallic compounds /
mechanical properties
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基金
广西科技计划（2025GXNSFHA069081,桂科LT2600640037）; 柳州市科技计划（2024AA0203C001）
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