Invar 36合金增材制造技术研究现状及展望

李捷; 陈玉华; 王善林; 郑敏

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.07.002

PDF(45591 KB)

精密成形工程 ›› 2026, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (7) : 11-29. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.07.002

高端能源、航空航天装备部件精密成形关键技术

Invar 36合金增材制造技术研究现状及展望

李捷, 陈玉华^*, 王善林, 郑敏

作者信息 +

Research Status and Prospect of Additive Manufacturing Technology for Invar 36 Alloy

LI Jie, CHEN Yuhua^*, WANG Shanlin, ZHENG Min

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

Invar 36合金因其极低的热膨胀系数,已在航空航天、精密仪器等领域得到广泛应用。传统制造工艺如铸造、锻造等,通常导致Invar合金零件的生产成本高昂、生产周期较长。而增材制造技术具有能成型复杂结构构件、材料利用率高、制造周期短等优点,在Invar 36合金的快速制造与低成本开发中展现出广阔的应用前景。本文综述了近年来国内外Invar 36合金增材制造的研究进展,归纳了5种主要工艺方法,最后对目前Invar 36合金增材制造的难点和发展趋势进行了展望。通过增材制造虽可实现Invar合金复杂构件的高效成形,但稳定维持其低热膨胀系数仍面临工艺参数敏感性高、残余应力大及内部缺陷多等挑战,未来需围绕工艺参数的优化、后处理及在线缺陷控制三大方向进行深入探索。希望为推动Invar 36合金零部件高精度、高强度和低热膨胀系数一体化增材制造成型提供参考。

Abstract

Invar 36 alloy has been widely used in aerospace, precision instruments, and other fields due to its extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion. Traditional manufacturing processes such as casting and forging typically result in high production costs and long lead time for Invar alloy parts. Additive manufacturing technology, with its advantages of forming complex structural components, high material utilization, and short manufacturing cycle, exhibits broad application prospects for the rapid and low-cost production of Invar 36 alloy. The work aims to review the recent research progress on additive manufacturing of Invar 36 alloy both in China and internationally, summarize five main process methods, and finally discuss the current challenges and development trends of Invar 36 alloy additive manufacturing. Although additive manufacturing enables the efficient fabrication of complex Invar 36 components, stably maintaining its low coefficient of thermal expansion still faces challenges such as high sensitivity to process parameters, large residual stress, and numerous internal defects. Future efforts should focus on three key directions: process parameter optimization, post-processing, and online defect control. It is hoped that this work will provide a reference for promoting the integrated additive manufacturing of Invar 36 alloy components with high precision, high strength, and a low coefficient of thermal expansion.

导出引用

李捷, 陈玉华, 王善林, 郑敏. Invar 36合金增材制造技术研究现状及展望[J]. 精密成形工程. 2026, 18(7): 11-29 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.07.002

LI Jie, CHEN Yuhua, WANG Shanlin, ZHENG Min. Research Status and Prospect of Additive Manufacturing Technology for Invar 36 Alloy[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering. 2026, 18(7): 11-29 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.07.002

中图分类号： TG132.1

参考文献

[1] 刘红兵, 宣扬, 杨瑾. Invar合金焊接技术研究现状及展望[J]. 航空制造技术, 2020, 63(9): 83-88.
LIU H B, XUAN Y, YANG J.Research Status and Prospect of Invar Alloy Welding Technology[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2020, 63(9): 83-88.
[2] ZHENG J J, LI C S, HE S, et al.Deformation Behavior of Fe-36Ni Steel during Cryogenic (123-173 K) Rolling[J]. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 2016, 23(5): 447-452.
[3] SAHOO A, MEDICHERLA V R R. Fe-Ni Invar Alloys: A Review[J]. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021, 43: 2242-2244.
[4] BARKA L, BALAT-PICHELIN M, SANS J L, et al.Oxidation and Emissivity of Invar 36 Alloy in Air Plasma at High Temperatures[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 772: 1003-1016.
[5] SAITO H, WAKAOKA K, FUKAMICHI K.Propagation Characteristics of Ultrasonic Waves in Antiferromagnetic Cr-Fe-Mn Invar Alloy[J]. Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals, 1976, 17(12): 844-848.
[6] PARK W S, CHUN M S, HAN M S, et al.Comparative Study on Mechanical Behavior of Low Temperature Application Materials for Ships and Offshore Structures: Part I—Experimental Investigations[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2011, 528(18): 5790-5803.
[7] LASHMANOV O U, VASILEV A S, VASILEVA A V, et al.High-Precision Absolute Linear Encoder Based on a Standard Calibrated Scale[J]. Measurement, 2018, 123: 226-234.
[8] ABBASI S M, MORAKABATI M, MAHDAVI R, et al.Effect of Microalloying Additions on the Hot Ductility of Cast FeNi₃₆[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2015, 639: 602-610.
[9] WANG C, YUAN S Q, YAO C G, et al. Study of the Effect of W and Mo Binary Alloying on Fe-Ni36 Invar Alloy Properties[J]. Advanced Materials Research, 2013, 690/691/692/693: 290-293.
[10] PRICĂ C V, NEAMŢU B V, MARINCA T F, et al. Synthesis of Invar 36 Type Alloys from Elemental and Prealloyed Powders by Mechanical Alloying[J]. Powder Metallurgy, 2019, 62(3): 155-161.
[11] 李大航, 刘璇, 赵刚, 等. 4J36因瓦合金冷轧板的退火工艺研究[J]. 上海金属, 2017, 39(6): 9-13.
LI D H, LIU X, ZHAO G, et al.Study on Annealing Process of 4J36 Invar Alloy Cold-Rolled Sheet[J]. Shanghai Metals, 2017, 39(6): 9-13.
[12] 仝雄伟, 张开望, 石新泰, 等. 热处理对4J36合金线膨胀系数及磁性能影响研究[J]. 航天制造技术, 2023(3): 23-28.
TONG X W, ZHANG K W, SHI X T, et al.Effect of Heat Treatment on Linear Expansion Coefficient and Magnetic Properties of 4J36 Alloy[J]. Aerospace Manufacturing Technology, 2023(3): 23-28.
[13] ZHAO G L, HUANG C Z, HE N, et al.Preparation and Cutting Performance of Reactively Hot Pressed TiB₂-SiC Ceramic Tool when Machining Invar36 Alloy[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2016, 86(9): 2679-2688.
[14] WONG K V, HERNANDEZ A.A Review of Additive Manufacturing[J]. ISRN Mechanical Engineering, 2012, 2012: 208760.
[15] 王江, 曹庭玮, 陈超越, 等. 激光增材制造钛铝系金属间化合物的研究现状[J]. 航空制造技术, 2022, 65(17): 14-32.
WANG J, CAO T W, CHEN C Y, et al.Research Status of Laser Additive Manufacturing of Titanium-Aluminum Intermetallic Compounds[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2022, 65(17): 14-32.
[16] CAI B H, FAN J K, SHI R F, et al.Recent Progress and Perspectives in Additive Manufacturing of Magnesium Alloys and Composites: A Review of Process-Microstructure-Property Correlations[J]. Journal of Magnesium and Alloys, 2025, 13(11): 5267-5312.
[17] AL RASHID A, KHAN S A, G AL-GHAMDI S, et al. Additive Manufacturing: Technology, Applications, Markets, and Opportunities for the Built Environment[J]. Automation in Construction, 2020, 118: 103268.
[18] OBIDIGBO C, TATMAN E P, GOCKEL J.Processing Parameter and Transient Effects on Melt Pool Geometry in Additive Manufacturing of Invar 36[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2019, 104(5): 3139-3146.
[19] DE PASTRE M A, QUINSAT Y, LARTIGUE C. Effects of Additive Manufacturing Processes on Part Defects and Properties: A Classification Review[J]. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), 2022, 16(4): 1471-1496.
[20] KUMAR S.Additive Manufacturing Classification[M]. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022.
[21] DEBROY T, WEI H L, ZUBACK J S, et al.Additive Manufacturing of Metallic Components-Process, Structure and Properties[J]. Progress in Materials Science, 2018, 92: 112-224.
[22] HUANG G L, HE G M, GONG X F, et al.Additive Manufacturing of Invar 36 Alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2024, 30: 1241-1268.
[23] ZIAEE M, CRANE N B.Binder Jetting: A Review of Process, Materials, and Methods[J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2019, 28: 781-801.
[24] YIN S, CAVALIERE P, ALDWELL B, et al.Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing and Repair: Fundamentals and Applications[J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2018, 21: 628-650.
[25] AHN D G. Directed Energy Deposition (DED) Process: State of the Art[J]. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 2021, 8(2): 703-742.
[26] CHOWDHURY S, YADAIAH N, PRAKASH C, et al.Laser Powder Bed Fusion: A State-of-the-Art Review of the Technology, Materials, Properties & Defects, and Numerical Modelling[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2022, 20: 2109-2172.
[27] DELGADO J, SERENO L, MONROY K, et al.Selective Laser Sintering[M]. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 481-499.
[28] REN G X, CUI Z Q, HAO X H, et al.Effect of Subgrain Microstructure on the Mechanical Properties of Invar 36 Specimens Prepared by Laser Powder Bed Fusion[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2024, 1004: 175839.
[29] QIU C L, ADKINS N J E, ATTALLAH M M. Selective Laser Melting of Invar 36: Microstructure and Properties[J]. Acta Materialia, 2016, 103: 382-395.
[30] WEI K, YANG Q D, LING B, et al.Mechanical Properties of Invar 36 Alloy Additively Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2020, 772: 138799.
[31] YANG Z, WANG W, CHEN Y, et al.An Experimental and Numerical Study on the Evolution of Pores and Its Effect on the Tensile Properties of LPBF Invar36 with Different Energy Density[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2024, 31: 3064-3078.
[32] HUANG G L, HE G M, PENG X Q, et al.Effect of Processing Parameters on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Thermal Expansion Behavior of Invar 36 Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2024, 897: 146329.
[33] LIU X X, ZHOU Y H, CHEN J, et al.Comparative Investigation of Fatigue Properties between Additively and Conventionally Manufactured Invar 36 Alloy[J]. International Journal of Fatigue, 2024, 187: 108460.
[34] ZHOU Y, YANG Q D, HUANG R Z, et al.Influence of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Process on Microstructures and Low Cycle Fatigue Performance of Invar 36 Alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2024, 59(7): 3133-3149.
[35] ZHANG C, ZHOU Y, WEI K, et al.High Cycle Fatigue Behaviour of Invar 36 Alloy Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion[J]. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2023, 18: e2190901.
[36] HUANG G L, PENG X Q, YANG L, et al.Microstructure Evolution and Corrosion Behavior of Invar 36 Alloy Additively Manufactured via Laser Powder Bed Fusion[J]. Materials Characterization, 2024, 217: 114422.
[37] HE G M, PENG X Q, ZHOU H T, et al.Superior Mechanical Properties of Invar36 Alloy Lattices Structures Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion[J]. Materials, 2023, 16(12): 4433.
[38] MA S Y, ZHU R Q, YANG S, et al.Influence of Geometric Imperfections on the Mechanical Behavior for Invar 36 Alloy Lattice Structures Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting[J]. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, 2024, 274: 109252.
[39] FENG J Y, YAN J L, PENG X Q, et al.Mechanical Properties Regulation of Invar36 Alloy Metastructures Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion[J]. Metals, 2025, 15(7): 773.
[40] LIU H H, PAN X Y, SUN P Y, et al.Influence of Addition of Ti Particles and Processing Condition on Microstructure and Properties of Selectively Laser-Melted Invar 36 Alloy[J]. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 2024, 11(1): 24-39.
[41] QIU C L, LIU Y J, LIU H H.Influence of Addition of TiAl Particles on Microstructural and Mechanical Property Development in Invar 36 Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion[J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2021, 48: 102457.
[42] CHEN Y, WANG W X, YANG Z Y, et al.Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of B₄composites C Reinforced Invar 36 Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion[J]. Composites Communications, 2025, 53: 102202.
[43] LIU D Y, GUO H W, DONG Z C, et al.Effects of Laser Energy Density on Microstructure and Properties of Invar36/Ni₂₂Cr3 Gradient Alloys Fabricated by Laser Powder Bed Fusion[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2025, 136: 137-147.
[44] LIU D Y, QI P, DONG Z C, et al.Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Compositionally Graded Invar36/Ni22Cr3[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2025, 181: 111789.
[45] GUO H W, LIU D Y, XU M C, et al.Preparation, Characterization and Composition Optimization Design of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Continuously Graded Invar36/316L Stainless Steel Alloys[J]. Materials Characterization, 2024, 209: 113709.
[46] YAKOUT M, PHILLIPS I, ELBESTAWI M A, et al.In-Situ Monitoring and Detection of Spatter Agglomeration and Delamination during Laser-Based Powder Bed Fusion of Invar 36[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2021, 136: 106741.
[47] 潘琰峰, 沈以赴, 顾冬冬, 等. 选择性激光烧结技术的发展现状[J]. 工具技术, 2004, 38(6): 3-7.
PAN Y F, SHEN Y F, GU D D, et al.Present Status of Development for Selective Laser Sintering(SLS)[J]. Tool Engineering, 2004, 38(6): 3-7.
[48] KHANNA N, MISTRY S, RAHMAN R R A, et al. Investigations on Density and Surface Roughness Characteristics during Selective Laser Sintering of Invar-36 Alloy[J]. Materials Research Express, 2019, 6(8): 086541.
[49] JIAO G H, FANG X W, LI X Z, et al.High Performance Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Wire-Arc Directed Energy Deposition of Invar Alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2024, 332: 118534.
[50] YANG Z Q, YANG J X, GU X, et al.Excellent Strength and Thermal Expansion Behavior of Invar Alloy Fabricated by In-Situ Rolling-Assisted Laser Directed Energy Deposition[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2025, 923: 147691.
[51] YANG Z Q, YANG J X, GU X, et al.Achieving Balanced Mechanical and Thermal Expansion Properties of Invar Alloy Prepared by Hybrid Laser Directed Energy Deposition and Post-Heat Treatment[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2025, 36: 8543-8557.
[52] UO X P, LI H J, XUE P, et al.Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 600 MPa Grade Ultra-High Strength Aluminum Alloy Fabricated by Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2023, 149: 56-66.
[53] ALDALUR E, SUÁREZ A, VEIGA F. Thermal Expansion Behaviour of Invar 36 Alloy Parts Fabricated by Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2022, 19: 3634-3645.
[54] SOOD A, SCHIMMEL J, FERREIRA V M, et al.Directed Energy Deposition of Invar 36 Alloy Using Cold Wire Pulsed Gas Tungsten Arc Welding: Effect of Heat Input on the Microstructure and Functional Behaviour[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2023, 25: 6183-6197.
[55] 薛小炎, 曾敏, 许韶伟, 等. 电弧增材FeNi36合金的组织与微纳力学性能[J]. 材料热处理学报, 2024, 45(12): 140-149.
XUE X Y, ZENG M, XU S W, et al.Microstructure and Micro-Nano Mechanical Properties of FeNi36 Alloy Prepared by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing[J]. Transactions of Materials and Heat Treatment, 2024, 45(12): 140-149.
[56] VEIGA F, SUÁREZ A, ARTAZA T, et al. Effect of the Heat Input on Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing of Invar 36 Alloy: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties[J]. Welding in the World, 2022, 66(6): 1081-1091.
[57] GIL DEL VAL A, CEARSOLO X, SUAREZ A, et al. Machinability Characterization in End Milling of Invar 36 Fabricated by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2023, 23: 300-315.
[58] LI W Y, YANG K, YIN S, et al.Solid-State Additive Manufacturing and Repairing by Cold Spraying: A Review[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2018, 34(3): 440-457.
[59] CHEN C Y, XIE Y C, LIU L T, et al.Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing of Invar 36 Alloy: Microstructure, Thermal Expansion and Mechanical Properties[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2021, 72: 39-51.
[60] TILLMANN W, KHALIL O, BAUMANN I.Characterization of the Microstructure and Thermomechanical Properties of Invar 36 Coatings Deposited by HVOF and Cold Gas Processes[J]. Journal of Thermal Spray Technology, 2022, 31(8): 2476-2488.
[61] ZIAEE M, CRANE N B.Binder Jetting: A Review of Process, Materials, and Methods[J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2019, 28: 781-801.
[62] LORES A, AZURMENDI N, AGOTE I, et al.A Study of Parameter and Post-Processing Effects on Surface Quality Improvement of Binder Jet 3D-Printed Invar36 Alloy Parts[J]. Progress in Additive Manufacturing, 2022, 7(5): 917-930.
[63] AZURMENDI N, LORES A, AGOTE I.A Study on Binder Jetting of High Dimensional Stability Alloy[A]. ENGINEERING, 2021.
[64] 郭政亚, 熊振华. 金属增材制造缺陷检测技术[J]. 哈尔滨工业大学学报, 2020, 52(5): 49-57.
GUO Z Y, XIONG Z H.Defect Detection Technology in Metal Additive Manufacturing[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2020, 52(5): 49-57.
[65] SANAEI N, FATEMI A.Defects in Additive Manufactured Metals and Their Effect on Fatigue Performance: A State-of-the-Art Review[J]. Progress in Materials Science, 2021, 117: 100724.
[66] CHEN Y, PENG X, KONG L B, et al.Defect Inspection Technologies for Additive Manufacturing[J]. International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing, 2021, 3(2): 022002.
[67] YANG G, XIE Y L, ZHAO S, et al.Quality Control: Internal Defects Formation Mechanism of Selective Laser Melting Based on Laser-Powder-Melt Pool Interaction: A Review[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering: Additive Manufacturing Frontiers, 2022, 1(3): 100037.
[68] YAKOUT M, ELBESTAWI M A, VELDHUIS S C.A Study of Thermal Expansion Coefficients and Microstructure during Selective Laser Melting of Invar 36 and Stainless Steel 316L[J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2018, 24: 405-418.
[69] OLAKANMI E O, COCHRANE R F, DALGARNO K W.A Review on Selective Laser Sintering/Melting (SLS/SLM) of Aluminium Alloy Powders: Processing, Microstructure, and Properties[J]. Progress in Materials Science, 2015, 74: 401-477.
[70] SVETLIZKY D, DAS M, ZHENG B L, et al.Directed Energy Deposition (DED) Additive Manufacturing: Physical Characteristics, Defects, Challenges and Applications[J]. Materials Today, 2021, 49: 271-295.
[71] YELAMANCHI B, PROKOP A, BUCHANAN, C, et al.Mechanical and Thermal Behavior of Additively Manufactured Invar 36 Using a Laser Hot Wire Hybrid DED Process[J]. The Paton Welding Journal, 2024, 2024(11): 3-13.
[72] PENG Y J, FAN W, HAO D P, et al.Formation Mechanism of Defects in Invar 36/MnCu Functionally Graded Material Fabricated by Directed Energy Deposition[J]. Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 2025, 218: 95-107.
[73] PRASHAR G, VASUDEV H.A Comprehensive Review on Sustainable Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing: State of the Art, Challenges and Future Challenges[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 310: 127606.
[74] 魏青松, 衡玉花, 毛贻桅, 等. 金属粘结剂喷射增材制造技术发展与展望[J]. 包装工程, 2021, 42(18): 103-119.
WEI Q S, HENG Y H, MAO Y W, et al.Development and Prospect of Metal Binder Jetting Additive Manufacturing Technology[J]. Packaging Engineering, 2021, 42(18): 103-119.
[75] WEGENER T, BRENNE F, FISCHER A, et al.On the Structural Integrity of Fe-36Ni Invar Alloy Processed by Selective Laser Melting[J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2021, 37: 101603.
[76] HUANG G L, HE G M, LIU Y, et al.Anisotropy of Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Thermal Expansion in Invar 36 Alloy Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion[J]. Additive Manufacturing, 2024, 82: 104025.
[77] RISHMAWI I, ROGALSKY A, VLASEA M, et al.The Effects of Heat Treatment on Tensile and Thermal Expansion Behavior of Laser Powder-Bed Fusion Invar36[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2022, 31(12): 9727-9739.
[78] LI H, CHEN B, TAN C W, et al.Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Laser Metal Deposition of Invar 36 Alloy[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2020, 125: 106037.
[79] TAN H, WANG Y X, WANG G, et al.Investigation on Microstructure and Properties of Laser Solid Formed Low Expansion Invar 36 Alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 2020, 9(3): 5827-5839.
[80] JIAO G H, FANG X W, CHEN X M, et al.The Origin of Low Thermal Expansion Coefficient and Enhanced Tensile Properties of Invar Alloy Fabricated by Directed Energy Deposition[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2023, 317: 117994.
[81] 肖明颖, 范振红, 高华兵, 等. 金属增材制造在线监测/检测技术的研究进展[J]. 热加工工艺, 2020, 49(24): 1-7.
XIAO M Y, FAN Z H, GAO H B, et al.Research Progress of On-Line Monitoring/Inspection Technology for Metal Additive Manufacturing[J]. Hot Working Technology, 2020, 49(24): 1-7.