目的 探究窄间隙摆动TIG焊接技术对不锈钢管材的适用性以及304不锈钢U型坡口管道搭配316L焊丝窄间隙单道多层焊焊接接头显微组织与力学性能的分布规律。方法 采用窄间隙摆动TIG焊接技术对304不锈钢进行焊接,采用光学显微镜对焊接接头的显微组织分布进行观察,并使用拉伸性能实验机、维氏硬度计、冲击性能实验机等设备对焊接接头进行拉伸测试、冲击测试、显微硬度测试以及电化学腐蚀测试,并进行分析。结果 获得了20 mm厚的优良焊接接头,焊缝成形美观,无焊接气孔,侧壁熔合良好。焊缝组织为具有方向性的奥氏体,基体上分布有微量断续骨架状铁素体,其形态主要取决于焊丝中Ni、Mo元素对铁素体的抑制作用,以及多层焊接引发的相变与组织演变。焊接热影响区（HAZ）的组织呈现明显的梯度特征：紧邻熔合线区域,奥氏体晶粒发生显著粗化。随着远离熔合线,晶粒逐渐细化,最终恢复至与母材相近的状态。相较于焊缝区域的方向性组织,HAZ的组织以等轴晶为主,方向性较弱。各区域按接头硬度从大到小的顺序依次为焊缝中心、热影响区、母材;焊缝的平均抗拉强度为563 MPa,断后延伸率在31.2%左右,热影响区的冲击韧性均值为407 J/cm2,高于焊缝区以及熔合线区域的冲击韧性;焊缝处的耐腐蚀性以及稳定性均优于热影响区以及母材的。结论 窄间隙摆动TIG焊接技术适用于不锈钢焊接,304不锈钢搭配316L焊丝的焊接接头性能优异。
Abstract
The work aims to investigate the applicability of narrow-gap oscillating TIG welding technology for stainless steel pipes and the microstructural and mechanical property distribution patterns of narrow-gap single-pass multi-layer welded joints in 304 stainless steel U-groove pipes using 316L welding wires. Narrow-gap oscillating TIG welding technology was employed to weld 304 stainless steel. The microstructural distribution of the welded joints was observed with an optical microscope. Additionally, tensile experiment, impact experiment, microhardness experiment, and electrochemical corrosion experiment were conducted on the welded joints using equipment such as a tensile testing machine, Vickers hardness tester, and impact testing machine, followed by analysis. The results showed that a high-quality welded joint with a thickness of 20 mm was obtained, featuring an aesthetically pleasing weld bead formation, no weld porosity, and no incomplete fusion on the side walls. The weld microstructure consists of directional austenite with a small amount of discontinuous skeletal ferrite dispersed in the matrix. Its morphological characteristics are mainly determined by the inhibitory effect of Ni and Mo in the welding wire on ferrite formation, as well as the phase transformation and microstructure evolution during multilayer welding. The weld heat-affected zone (HAZ) exhibited a microstructural gradient: near the fusion line, the austenite grains were significantly coarsened, while in the distant regions, the grains were refined to the base metal state. The weld microstructure was significantly directional, while the HAZ was weakly directional, primarily consisting of equiaxed grains. The hardness of the joint decreased in the following order: weld center, heat-affected zone, and base metal. The average tensile strength of the weld was 563 MPa, the average elongation after fracture was 31.2%, and the average impact toughness of the HAZ was 407 J/cm², which was higher than that of the weld zone and the fusion line region. The corrosion resistance and stability of the weld zone were superior to those of the HAZ and the base metal. Narrow-gap oscillating TIG welding technology is suitable for stainless steel welding, and the welded joint performance of 304 stainless steel paired with 316L welding wire is excellent.
关键词
304不锈钢 /
窄间隙 /
单道多层焊 /
微观组织 /
力学性能
Key words
304 stainless steel /
narrow-gap /
single-pass multi-layer welding /
microstructure /
mechanical properties
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基金
国家重点研发计划（2023YFB3407700）
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