合金化对高强高导Cu-Cr相形成与性能的影响机制研究进展

商昱; 岑贵斌; 严学华; 吴继礼; 陆韬

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.02.023

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精密成形工程 ›› 2026, Vol. 18 ›› Issue (2) : 248-258. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.02.023

铜合金成形

合金化对高强高导Cu-Cr相形成与性能的影响机制研究进展

商昱¹, 岑贵斌¹, 严学华¹, 吴继礼^1,*, 陆韬²

作者信息 +

Progresses in Alloying Effect on Phase Formation and Properties of High-strength and High-conductivity Cu-Cr Alloys

SHANG Yu¹, CEN Guibin¹, YAN Xuehua¹, WU Jili^1,*, LU Tao²

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文章历史 +

摘要

高强高导铜合金作为轨道交通、电力传输与电子封装等领域的关键材料,其强度与导电性的协同优化是研究的核心挑战。Cu-Cr合金作为代表性材料,面临其强度与导电性难以兼顾的问题。本文系统综述了Cu-Cr合金成分设计与相形成规律的最新进展,重点探讨了多元合金化策略对微观结构与性能的调控机制。研究表明,Mg通过界面富集抑制析出相粗化并促进纳米Cr相异质形核;Si可以降低层错能,加速Cr析出并诱导孪晶强化;Zr可以细化晶粒但需解决熔炼氧化问题;Ti通过快速扩散形成贫Cr区,提升热稳定性;Ag能够优化枝晶形态但成本较高;Nb会与Cr形成高熔点Cr₂Nb相,显著增强合金强度与高温性能。此外,Mg与Si的协同作用可能引入Laves相（如Cu₂Mg、Mg₂Si）,为平衡强度与塑性提供新途径。本文结合固溶强化与析出强化等机制,分析了成分与析出相对力学性能与导电率的耦合影响,指出剧烈塑性变形虽能提升强度但会导致导电率显著下降,而纳米析出相（如Cr、Cu₄Sc）通过Orowan机制可在高导电性下实现强度突破。在此基础上,提出了以构建“成分-结构-性能”映射关系为核心的合金设计思路,并展望了基于新型析出相（如Laves相）和多尺度模拟方法的发展趋势,为高性能Cu-Cr基合金的设计提供理论支撑与技术参考,推动Cu-Cr合金在高温、电子封装及极端环境等领域的应用拓展。

Abstract

High-strength and high-conductivity copper alloys serve as key materials in rail transit, power transmission, and electronic packaging, where the synergistic optimization of strength and electrical conductivity remains a central research challenge. As a representative material system, Cu-Cr alloys struggle to simultaneously achieve both properties. This paper systematically reviews recent progress in composition design and phase formation mechanisms of Cu-Cr alloys, emphasizing the regulatory role of multi-component alloying strategies on microstructure and performance. Studies demonstrate that Mg suppresses precipitate coarsening through interfacial enrichment while promoting heterogeneous nucleation of nano-Cr phases, whereas Si can reduce stacking fault energy thus accelerate Cr precipitation and induce twin strengthening. Zr effectively can refine grains but it needs mitigation of oxidation during melting, while Ti can enhance thermal stability by forming Cr-depleted zones via rapid diffusion. Ag can optimize dendritic morphology at the expense of higher costs, and Nb can significantly improve strength and high-temperature performance by forming high-melting-point Cr₂Nb phases with Cr. Notably, the synergistic interaction of Mg and Si may introduce Laves phases (e.g., Cu₂Mg, Mg₂Si), offering novel strategies to balance strength and plasticity. Further analysis reveals the coupled effects of deformation, solid solution, precipitation, and grain refinement on mechanical properties and conductivity. While severe plastic deformation markedly enhances strength, it drastically degrades conductivity. In contrast, nano-precipitates such as Cr and Cu4Sc enable strength breakthroughs under high conductivity through the Orowan mechanism. Building on these findings, this study proposes an alloy design framework centered on establishing a “composition-structure-property” mapping relationship, and highlights emerging trends involving novel precipitates (e.g., Laves phases) and multi-scale simulation methods. These insights provide theoretical and technical foundations for designing advanced Cu-Cr-based alloys, paving the way for their expanded applications in high-temperature environments, electronic packaging, and extreme operational conditions.

导出引用

商昱, 岑贵斌, 严学华, 吴继礼, 陆韬. 合金化对高强高导Cu-Cr相形成与性能的影响机制研究进展[J]. 精密成形工程. 2026, 18(2): 248-258 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.02.023

SHANG Yu, CEN Guibin, YAN Xuehua, WU Jili, LU Tao. Progresses in Alloying Effect on Phase Formation and Properties of High-strength and High-conductivity Cu-Cr Alloys[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering. 2026, 18(2): 248-258 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2026.02.023

中图分类号： TG135

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