目的 探究成形过程中激光选区熔化K477镍基高温合金微观缺陷的形成原因以及工艺参数对显微组织的影响规律,为实现高质量成形提供理论支持和实践指导。方法 以高功率和低功率2种典型SLM工艺参数成形的K477合金为研究对象,通过观察裂纹微观形貌、各元素分布及含量,分析微裂纹的影响因素。随后在不同激光扫描速度（700、800、900、1 000、1 100、1 200 mm/s）、不同激光功率（150、200、250、300、350、400 W）下成形K477合金试样,利用光学显微镜分析内部缺陷,通过XRD分析物相组成,结合扫描电镜研究材料组织变化规律。在2种典型工艺参数下,在激光选区熔化成形材料内部观察到裂纹部位存在γ+γ°的共晶相,且裂纹处的Al元素分布图与C元素以及O元素分布图相对应,并且在裂纹附近,C元素与O元素有明显的局部富集现象。调整不同功率和扫描速度发现,随着激光扫描速度增加至800 mm/s,致密度达99.970%,当激光功率提高到350 W时,致密度为99.977%。结论 激光选区熔化K477材料内部存在γ+γ°的共晶相是产生裂纹的主要原因,Al元素在材料凝固过程中形成碳化物氧化物以及镍铬的氧化物,此类氧化物作用于晶界附近成为裂纹源。激光扫描能量差异会导致热流分布变化,说明优化工艺参数可一定程度地抑制裂纹的产生。
Abstract
The work aims to investigate the formation causes of micro-defects during the forming process of K477 nickel- based superalloy via selective laser melting, as well as the evolution rules of microstructure with respect to process parameters, thereby providing theoretical support and practical guidance for achieving high-quality forming processes. With K477 alloy formed under two typical SLM (Selective Laser Melting) process parameters of high power and low power as the research objects, the affecting factors of microcracks were analyzed by observing their microscopic morphology, as well as the distribution and content of various elements. Subsequently, K477 alloy specimens were formed by adjusting different laser scanning speeds (700, 800, 900, 1 000, 1 100, and 1 200 mm/s) and laser powers (150, 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 W). Optical microscopy was employed to analyze internal defects, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to examine the phase composition, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was combined to investigate the evolution rules of the microstructure. Under two typical process parameters, a γ+γ° eutectic phase was observed at crack sites within the materials formed by selective laser melting. The distribution maps of aluminum (Al) at the cracks corresponded to those of carbon (C) and oxygen (O). Moreover, notable local enrichment of carbon and oxygen elements was observed near the cracks. By adjusting different laser powers and scanning speeds, it was found that as the laser scanning speed increased to 800 mm/s, the relative density reached 99.970%. When the laser power increased to 350 W, the relative density reached 99.977%. The presence of the γ+γ° eutectic phase within the selective laser melted K477 material is the primary cause of crack formation. During the solidification process, aluminum (Al) elements contribute to the formation of carbides, oxides, as well as nickel-chromium oxides, which acts as crack initiation sites near the grain boundaries. The variation in heat flow distribution caused by differences in laser scanning energy indicates that optimizing process parameters can suppress crack formation to a certain extent.
关键词
激光选区熔化 /
激光成形 /
高温合金 /
增材制造 /
3D打印
Key words
selective laser melting /
laser forming /
superalloy /
additive manufacturing /
3D printing
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
[1] 杨经雨, 苏捷, 黄岚, 等. 热等静压及后续热处理对K477合金组织及力学性能的影响[J]. 当代化工研究, 2024(16): 37-39.
[2] YANG J Y, SU J, HUANG L, et al.Effects of Hot Isostatic Pressing and Subsequent Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of K477 Alloy[J]. Modern Chemical Research, 2024(16): 37-39.
[3] 王明海, 于超, 单宝峰. K477镍基高温合金切削加工预测模型的建立及切削参数优化[J]. 机械设计与制造, 2012(4): 207-209.
[4] WANG M H, YU C, SHAN B F.Modeling and Parameters Optimization for Prediction Model of K477 Nickel Base Superalloy Machining[J]. Machinery Design & Manufacture, 2012(4): 207-209.
[5] 房立家, 孙兵兵, 张强, 等. 激光选区熔化成形零件结构设计与分析[J]. 激光与光电子学进展, 2023, 60(5): 209-212.
[6] FANG L J, SUN B B, ZHANG Q, et al.Structural Design and Analysis of Selective Laser Melting Forming Parts[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2023, 60(5): 209-212.
[7] 张元伟, 苏庆, 郎连林, 等. 激光选区熔化GH5188合金组织和性能研究[J]. 模具技术, 2023(6): 61-67.
[8] ZHANG Y W, SU Q, LANG L L, et al.Study on Microstructure and Properties of Gh5188 Alloy Prepared by Selective Laser Melting[J]. Die and Mould Technology, 2023(6): 61-67.
[9] 杨胶溪, 吴文亮, 王长亮, 等. 激光选区熔化技术在航空航天领域的发展现状及典型应用[J]. 航空材料学报, 2021, 41(2): 1-15.
[10] YANG J X, WU W L, WANG C L, et al.Development Status and Typical Application of Selective Laser Melting Technology Applications in Aerospace Field[J]. Journal of Aeronautical Materials, 2021, 41(2): 1-15.
[11] 倪江涛, 周庆军, 衣凤, 等. 激光增材制造技术发展及在航天领域的应用进展[J]. 稀有金属, 2022, 46(10): 1365-1382.
[12] NI J T, ZHOU Q J, YI F, et al.Development of Laser Additive Manufacturing Technology and Its Application Progress in Aerospace Field[J]. Chinese Journal of Rare Metals, 2022, 46(10): 1365-1382.
[13] 孔豪豪, 侯雅青, 秦海龙, 等. 选区激光熔化高γ'镍基高温合金相变动力学研究[C]// 第十二届中国金属学会青年学术年会暨首届“碳中和”冶金青年科学家沙龙论文集. 赣州, 2024: 369.
[14] KONG H H, HOU Y Q, QIN H L, et al.Research on Phase Transformation Kinetics of High γ'-Phase Nickel-Based Superalloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting[C]// Proceedings of the 12th Annual Youth Academic Conference of the Chinese Society for Metals and the 1st "Carbon Neutrality" Metallurgical Youth Scientist Salon. Ganzhou, 2024: 369.
[15] 华文娟, 张建勋. 激光选区熔化成形GH3536高温合金缺陷及质量控制[J]. 激光与光电子学进展, 2024, 61(5): 351-358.
[16] HUA W J, ZHANG J X.Defect and Quality Control of GH3536 Super Alloy Fabricated via Laser Selective Melting[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2024, 61(5): 351-358.
[17] 闫梦喆, 席鑫, 李霄, 等. 选区激光熔化制备GH3230镍基高温合金成形工艺及热处理影响研究[J]. 电焊机, 2023, 53(9): 116-123.
[18] YAN M Z, XI X, LI X, et al.Study on the Porosity and Heat Treatment of GH3230 Nickel-Based Superalloy Prepared by SLM[J]. Electric Welding Machine, 2023, 53(9): 116-123.
[19] 夏兴义, 郑行, 张伟伟, 等. 主合金成分对K477合金流动性和力学性能的影响[J]. 精密成形工程, 2025, 17(9): 167-175.
[20] XIA X Y, ZHENG H, ZHANG W W, et al.Effect of Major Alloying Elements on Fluidity and Mechanical Properties of K477 Superalloy[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering, 2025, 17(9): 167-175.
[21] 赵海生, 房立家, 刘欢, 等. 热处理消除激光选区熔化GH4169高温合金微观组织及高温拉伸性能各向异性[J]. 材料工程, 2025, 53(3): 54-62.
[22] ZHAO H S, FANG L J, LIU H, et al.Heat Treatment to Eliminate Anisotropy of Microstructure and High-Temperature Tensile Properties of GH4169 Superalloy by Selective Laser Melting[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2025, 53(3): 54-62.
[23] 耿遥祥, 单志法, 陈永康, 等. 激光选区熔化Al-Si-Mg-Zr-Cu合金的成形性、组织和力学性能[J]. 材料开发与应用, 2024, 39(1): 23-29.
[24] GENG Y X, SHAN Z F, CHEN Y K, et al.Processability, Microstructure, and Mechanical Property of Al-Si-Mg- Zr-Cu Alloy Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting[J]. Development and Application of Materials, 2024, 39(1): 23-29.
[25] 余晨帆, 王亚飞, 赵聪聪, 等. 激光选区熔化316L不锈钢凝固特征与微观组织结构[J]. 材料科学与工艺, 2023, 31(4): 24-33.
[26] YU C F, WANG Y F, ZHAO C C, et al.The Solidification Characteristics and Microstructure of 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured via Selective Laser Melting[J]. Materials Science and Technology, 2023, 31(4): 24-33.
[27] 高祥熙, 杨平华, 乔海燕, 等. 基于μCT表征的SLM成形GH3536高温合金缺陷特征[J]. 材料工程, 2022, 50(10): 63-72.
[28] GAO X X, YANG P H, QIAO H Y, et al.Defect Characteristics within SLM-Fabricated GH3536 Superalloy Dependence on μCT Characterization[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2022, 50(10): 63-72.
[29] 刘小辉, 刘允中. 激光选区熔化成形高强铝合金晶粒细化抑制裂纹研究现状[J]. 材料工程, 2022, 50(8): 1-16.
[30] LIU X H, LIU Y Z.Research Status of Crack Inhibition via Grain Refinement of High-Strength Aluminum Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2022, 50(8): 1-16.
[31] 陶明生, 任延杰, 黄杰, 等. 激光选区熔化与轧制Inconel 625合金的微观组织与高温氧化性能研究[J]. 材料科学与工艺, 2022, 30(4): 1-10.
[32] TAO M S, REN Y J, HUANG J, et al.Microstructure and High Temperature Oxidation Properties of Inconel 625 Alloy Fabricated by Rolling and Selective Laser Melting[J]. Materials Science and Technology, 2022, 30(4): 1-10.
[33] 肖小军, 刘允中, 程文, 等. 激光选区熔化成形含钛6061铝合金的显微组织与力学性能[J]. 材料工程, 2023, 51(5): 36-45.
[34] XIAO X J, LIU Y Z, CHENG W, et al.Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Titanium-Containing 6061 Aluminum Alloy Prepared by Selective Laser Melting[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2023, 51(5): 36-45.
[35] 詹强坤, 刘允中, 刘小辉, 等. 激光选区熔化成形含锆7×××系铝合金的显微组织与力学性能[J]. 材料工程, 2021, 49(6): 85-93.
[36] ZHAN Q K, LIU Y Z, LIU X H, et al.Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Zirconium-Containing 7××× Aluminum Alloy Prepared by Selective Laser Melting[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2021, 49(6): 85-93.
[37] 刘主峰, 黄耀东, 杨潇, 等. 基于激光选区熔化成形Ni-Cu合金模板的Ni-Cu-石墨烯复合材料的制备[J]. 材料研究学报, 2021, 35(1): 1-6.
[38] LIU Z F, HUANG Y D, YANG X, et al.Preparation of Graphene/Ni-Cu Alloy Composite on Ni-Cu Alloy Template Made by Selective Laser Melting[J]. Chinese Journal of Materials Research, 2021, 35(1): 1-6.
[39] 徐莹, 张亮, 付兴. 大面积薄壁结构激光选区熔化成形工艺研究[J]. 中国新技术新产品, 2020(12): 32-33.
[40] XU Y, ZHANG L, FU X.Research on the Selective Laser Melting Process for Large-Area Thin-Walled Structures[J]. New Technology & New Products of China, 2020(12): 32-33.
[41] 石磊, 雷力明, 王威, 等. 热等静压/热处理工艺对激光选区熔化成形GH4169合金微观组织与拉伸性能的影响[J]. 材料工程, 2020, 48(6): 148-155.
[42] SHI L, LEI L M, WANG W, et al.Effects of Hot Isostatic Pressing and Heat Treatment Process on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Selective Laser Melting Manufactured GH4169 Alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2020, 48(6): 148-155.
[43] 薛丽媛, 周冠男, 邵天巍. TC4薄壁件后盖激光选区熔化技术研究[J]. 中国新技术新产品, 2019(20): 52-53.
[44] XUE L Y, ZHOU G N, SHAO T W.Research on Selective Laser Melting Technology for TC4 Thin-Walled Rear Cover[J]. New Technology & New Products of China, 2019(20): 52-53.
[45] 秋大闯, 李多生, 叶寅, 等. SLM成形镍基高温合金及其数值模拟的研究进展[J]. 功能材料, 2019, 50(3): 3049-3058.
[46] QIU D C, LI D S, YE Y, et al.Research Progress of SLM Forming Nickel-Based Superalloys and the Simulation[J]. Journal of Functional Materials, 2019, 50(3): 3049-3058.
[47] 杨慧慧, 杨晶晶, 喻寒琛, 等. 激光选区熔化成形TC4合金腐蚀行为[J]. 材料工程, 2018, 46(8): 127-133.
[48] YANG H H, YANG J J, YU H C, et al.Corrosion Behaviour of Selective Laser Melted TC4 Alloy[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering, 2018, 46(8): 127-133.
[49] 李吉帅, 戚文军, 李亚江, 等. 选区激光熔化工艺参数对Ti-6Al-4V成形质量的影响[J]. 材料导报, 2017, 31(10): 65-69.
[50] LI J S, QI W J, LI Y J, et al.Influence of Process Parameters of Forming Characteristics on Ti-6Al-4V Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting[J]. Materials Review, 2017, 31(10): 65-69.
[51] 贾雷. 高合金化GH4151合金裂纹形成机理及控制研究[D]. 北京: 北京科技大学, 2024.
[52] JIA L.Research on the Crack Formation Mechanism and Control of Highly Alloyed GH4151 Alloy[D]. Beijing: University of Science and Technology Beijing, 2024.
基金
政府间双边创新合作项目（BZ2024011）; 国家重点研发计划（2023YFB4604904）
PDF(29925 KB)
渝公网安备 50010702501719号 渝ICP备15012534号-4
