目的 系统开展了10CrNi2Mo3Cu2V齿轮钢的热变形研究,以明确10CrNi2Mo3Cu2V钢的热锻温度区间,指导齿轮轴的精密锻造成形。同时以复杂齿轮轴锻件为成形目标,研究了成形工艺参数和坯料直径对成形件质量的影响,为相关锻件的精密锻造提供指导。方法 采用100 t压力机进行热压缩,以模拟锻造情况,分析不同温度对热变形组织的影响。采用Axio Observer型蔡司显微镜和SU5000场发射扫描电子显微镜,分析了晶粒尺寸、晶体取向和Schmid因子等热变形组织。采用Deform-3D软件进行精密锻造有限元仿真,采用5 000 t压力机进行实际齿轮锻造成形。结果 当温度大于等于1 150 ℃时,出现明显粗晶组织,晶粒尺寸超过200 μm,当温度为1 120~1 130 ℃时,热变形组织均匀且细小,当温度小于等于1 100 ℃时,其成形所需吨位迅速增加,且微观组织变形均匀性变差。齿轮轴精密热成形有限元仿真和实际成形研究结果表明,当坯料直径为170 mm和180 mm时,均能实现良好成形,锻件应变场分布更均匀,并实现了复杂结构齿轮轴的精密成形,成形质量良好。结论 1 120~1 130 ℃为10CrNi2Mo3Cu2V齿轮钢最佳的热变形温度区间,针对本文的齿轮轴,并结合原始坯料尺寸,确定最佳的坯料直径为180 mm。
Abstract
The work aims to systematically investigate the hot deformation behavior of 10CrNi2Mo3Cu2V gear steel to determine its optimal hot forging temperature range and to guide the precision forging process of gear shafts. With a complex gear shaft as the forming objective, the forming process and billet dimensions are studied to provide technical guidance for precision forging of related components. Hot compression tests were performed with a 100 t hydraulic press to simulate the forging process, and the effects of deformation temperature on the microstructure evolution were analyzed. The deformed microstructures, including grain size, crystal orientation, and Schmid factor, were characterized with an Axio Observer optical microscope and a SU5000 field-emission scanning electron microscope. Finite element simulations of precision forging were conducted with Deform-3D software, and actual forging experiments were performed on a 5 000 t press. Coarse grains with sizes exceeding 200 μm appeared when the temperature was above 1 150 ℃. Uniform and fine grains were obtained when the temperature was within 1 120-1 130 ℃. When the temperature was below 1 100 ℃, the required forming load increased sharply and microstructural uniformity deteriorated. Finite element simulation and experimental forging of the gear shaft demonstrated that billets with diameters of 170 mm and 180 mm both achieved satisfactory forming, thereby yielding a more uniform strain field in the forgings and enabling the precision formation of intricate gear shafts with superior quality. Consequently, 1 120-1 130 ℃ is identified as the optimal hot deformation temperature range for 10CrNi2Mo3Cu2V gear steel, and a billet diameter of 180 mm is determined to be the most suitable for precision forging of the investigated gear shaft.
关键词
10CrNi2Mo3Cu2V钢 /
微观组织 /
精密锻造 /
有限元仿真
Key words
10CrNi2Mo3Cu2V steel /
microstructure /
precision forging /
finite element simulation
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基金
金属成形技术与重型装备全国重点实验室开放课题（S2308100.W11）
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