Cu/Al异种金属钎焊及其界面组织调控的研究现状

高雅; 黄俊兰; 纠永涛; 王红娜; 常云峰

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2025.06.002

PDF(3326 KB)

精密成形工程 ›› 2025, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (6) : 13-13. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2025.06.002

精密钎焊

Cu/Al异种金属钎焊及其界面组织调控的研究现状

高雅¹, 黄俊兰², 纠永涛³, 王红娜³, 常云峰^2*

作者信息 +

Research Status on Brazing and Interface Microstructure Control of Cu/Al Dissimilar Metal

GAO Ya¹, HUANG Junlan², JIU Yongtao³, WANG Hongna³, CHANG Yunfeng^2*

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

Cu/Al复合结构因具有质量轻、综合性能优良等特点在多领域得到广泛应用。铜铝连接最常用的方法是焊接,但Cu、Al的物理化学性能差异较大,焊接性差。钎焊可以实现Cu/Al异种金属的可靠连接,但焊接过程中接头界面区易反应生成金属间化合物,金属间化合物层过厚会使接头连接强度降低。本文综述了Cu/Al钎焊常用的焊接方法和主要钎料体系,对比了各种焊接方法的优缺点和钎料体系的组织性能特点,重点从钎焊工艺调控、钎料合金化和母材表面金属层改性三方面论述了国内外研究者对钎焊接头界面区组织调控的研究现状。采用超声波复合钎焊、固相焊辅助钎焊、半固态钎焊等钎焊工艺,虽然可以提升接头性能,但设备复杂和操作问题限制了这些方法在Cu/Al钎焊工业中的应用;在母材表面复合中间层/过渡层的方式则需要增加焊前预处理工序,不利于提高生产效率;钎料合金化的研究多是集中在合金元素对钎料组织和性能的实验研究方面,未来可与材料计算相结合,运用材料基因组技术为Cu/Al钎焊材料的研发提供指导。

Abstract

The Cu/Al composite structural parts are widely applied in many fields for their advantages such as low mass and excellent comprehensive properties. The most common method of copper-aluminum connection is welding. However, the significant differences of physical and chemical properties between Cu and Al lead to poor weldability of the two. Brazing is a reliable welding method for joining Cu/Al dissimilar metals. Brazing of Cu/Al metal has a major problem that the thickness of the intermetallic compound layer grows during the welding process which reduces the strength of the brazing joint. This paper reviews the commonly used welding methods and filler metals for Cu/Al brazing, and compares advantages and disadvantages of various welding methods and the microstructure and performance characteristics of the filler metal system. The research status of the microstructure control of the brazed joint interface area is discussed in three aspects which are brazing process regulation, alloying of filler metal, and the transition layer on the matrix material surface. Some methods can improve the property of brazing joint which contain ultrasonic composite brazing, solid phase welding assisted brazing and semi-solid brazing. However, complex equipment and inconvenient operation limit the application of these methods in the Cu/Al brazing industry. The transition layer on the matrix metal surface needs to increase the pre-welding process that is not conducive to improving the production efficiency. The study of alloying filler metal mainly focuses on the experiment of alloy elements on the microstructure and properties of filler metal. In the future, it can be combined with material computing to provide guidance for the research and development of Cu/Al filler metals by using material genome technology.

关键词

Cu/Al异种金属 / 钎焊工艺 / 钎料合金化 / 金属间化合物 / 界面组织调控

Key words

引用本文

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

导出引用

高雅, 黄俊兰, 纠永涛, 王红娜, 常云峰. Cu/Al异种金属钎焊及其界面组织调控的研究现状[J]. 精密成形工程. 2025, 17(6): 13-13 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2025.06.002

GAO Ya, HUANG Junlan, JIU Yongtao, WANG Hongna, CHANG Yunfeng. Research Status on Brazing and Interface Microstructure Control of Cu/Al Dissimilar Metal[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering. 2025, 17(6): 13-13 https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-6457.2025.06.002

中图分类号： TG454

参考文献

[1] WANG P F, LIU F, PANG L H, et al.Effect of Silicon Content in Al-Si Welding Wire on Mechanical Properties of Al/Cu Laser Welded Joint[J]. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 2024, 25(5): 1063-1071.
[2] 牛腾, 王泽宇, 王雷刚, 等. 4104铝箔对6063Al/Cu接触反应钎焊的影响[J]. 精密成形工程, 2024, 16(12): 164-172.
NIU T, WANG Z Y, WANG L G, et al.Effect 4104 Aluminum Foil on Contact-Reaction Brazing of 6063Al- Cu[J]. Journal of Netshape Forming Engineering, 2024, 16(12): 164-172.
[3] LI X T, ZHAI Y L, LIU M Y, et al. Development of Zn-22Al-xAg Filler Metals for Brazing6061 Aluminum Alloy to T2 Copper[J]. Welding in the World, 1-14[2025- 01-18]. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40194-024-01917-z
[4] FURUYA H S, YABU S, SATO Y S, et al.Microstructural Control of the Interface Layer for Strength Enhancement of Dissimilar Al/Cu Joints via Ni Addition during Tig Arc Brazing[J]. Metals, 2021, 11(3): 491.
[5] BERGMANN J P, PETZOLDT F, SCHÜRER R, et al. Solid-State Welding of Aluminum to Copper-case Studies[J]. Welding in the World, 2013, 57(4): 541-550.
[6] HOU W T, OHEIL M, SHEN Z K, et al.Enhanced Strength and Ductility in Dissimilar Friction Stir Butt Welded Al/Cu Joints by Addition of a Cold-Spray Ni Interlayer[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2020, 60: 573-577.
[7] NI Y, LIU Y H, ZHANG P X, et al.Effects of Plunge Depth on the Intermetallic Compounds and Mechanical Properties of Al/Cu Joints Fabricated by Micro Friction Stir Welding[J]. Materials Today Communications, 2024, 41: 111069.
[8] 李岩, 樊丁, 黄健康, 等. 铝/铜异种金属熔钎焊工艺及界面调控方式的研究现状[J]. 焊接, 2022(4): 1-8.
LI Y, FAN D, HUANG J K, et al.Research Status on Fusion Brazing Process and Interface Control Mode of Al/Cu Dissimilar Metal[J]. Welding & Joining, 2022(4): 1-8.
[9] HUANG S, LONG W M, SHAN J G, et al. Microstructure Formation Mechanism of Vacuum-Brazed6061/304 Joint Using Al-Si-Ge/Cu Composite Filler[J]. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International: 1-15 [2025-01-18]. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42243-024-01381-5
[10] LONG W M, ZHAO Y, ZHONG S J, et al.Research Progress on Intermetallic Compounds in Copper-aluminum Brazed Joints[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2021, 50(1): 7-13.
[11] 冯立臣. 铜/铝感应钎焊接头的界面行为及耐腐蚀性能研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨理工大学, 2015.
FENG L C.Study of the Interfacial Behavior and Corrosion Resistance of the Cu/Al Joints by Frequency Induction Brazing[D]. Harbin: Harbin University of Science and Technology, 2015.
[12] 黄俊兰, 龙伟民, 钟素娟, 等. Ni-P镀层对Cu/Al钎焊界面结构及性能的影响机制[J]. 焊接学报, 2021, 42(5): 51-56.
HUANG J L, LONG W M, ZHONG S J, et al.Effect Mechanism of Ni-P Coating on the Structure and Properties of Cu/Al Joints[J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2021, 42(5): 51-56.
[13] 吴奇隆. 铜/铝异种金属钎焊材料及钎焊接头组织和性能研究[D]. 郑州: 郑州大学, 2019.
WU Q L.Study on Microstructure and Properties of Copper/Aluminum Dissimilar Metal Brazing Materials and Brazed Joints[D]. Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou University, 2019.
[14] 羊浩, 黄继华, 陈树海, 等. Zn-Al-Si钎料钎焊铜/铝接头显微组织及性能研究[J]. 航空制造技术, 2015, 58(7): 64-67.
YANG H, HUANG J H, CHEN S H, et al.Research on Microstructure and Property of Cu/Al Joint Brazed by Zn-Al-Si Filler Metal[J]. Aeronautical Manufacturing Technology, 2015, 58(7): 64-67.
[15] YE Z, YANG H, HUANG J H, et al.A Novel Zn-Al-Si Corrosion Resistant Filler Metal for Cu/Al Brazing[J]. Materials Letters, 2017, 206: 201-204.
[16] 刘树英, 张冬冬, 谭超, 等. Sb元素及稀土对Zn-10Al基钎料及钎焊接头性能影响[J]. 焊接学报, 2018, 39(8): 66-71.
LIU S Y, ZHANG D D, TAN C, et al.Effects of Sb and Rare Earth on Properties of Zn-10Al Based Brazing Filler Metals and Brazed Joints[J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2018, 39(8): 66-71.
[17] 范桂霞. Sn、Cu元素对Zn、10Al钎料合金组织及性能的影响[D]. 郑州: 郑州大学, 2015.
FAN G X.Effect of Sn and Cu Elements on Microstructure and Properties of Zn and 10Al Solder Alloys[D]. Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou University, 2015.
[18] 姚尚君. T2铜/1060铝导电块焊接工艺与性能研究[D]. 焦作: 河南理工大学, 2023.
YAO S J.Study on Welding Technology and Properties of T2 Copper/1060 Aluminum Conductive Block[D]. Jiaozuo: Henan Polytechnic University, 2023.
[19] YARVEICY M, HADIAN A M.Interfacial Examination of Cu/Al Joints Using Ultrafine Al-Si Powder as Brazing Filler Metal[J]. Advanced Materials Research, 2013, 829: 52-56.
[20] 蔡芳芳. 基于Al-Si基钎料铜/铝钎焊工艺及性能研究[D]. 洛阳: 河南科技大学, 2022.
CAI F F.Study on Brazing Process and Properties of Copper/Aluminum Based on Al-Si-based Solder[D]. Luoyang: Henan University of Science and Technology, 2022.
[21] 郑建峰, 陈德娟, 蔡蔷, 等. Al-Si钎料和Al-Zn钎料耐蚀性能对比研究[J]. 家电科技, 2013(10): 78-80.
ZHENG J F, CHEN D J, CAI Q, et al.Comparison of Corrosion Resistance between Al-Si Brazing Filler and Al-Zn Brazing Filler[J]. China Appliance Technology, 2013(10): 78-80.
[22] JI F, XUE S B, LOU J Y, et al.Microstructure and Properties of Cu/Al Joints Brazed with Zn-Al Filler Metals[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 2012, 22(2): 281-287.
[23] 张满, 薛松柏, 姬峰, 等. CuAl₂相对铜铝钎焊接头组织与性能的影响[J]. 焊接学报, 2011, 32(2): 93-96.
ZHANG M, XUE S B, JI F, et al.Effect of CuAl₂ Phase on Properties and Microstructure of Cu/Al Brazed Joint[J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2011, 32(2): 93-96.
[24] TUCKER J P, CHAN D K, SUBBARAYAN G, et al.Constitutive Behavior of Mixed Sn-Pb/Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu Solder Alloys[J]. Journal of Electronic Materials, 2012, 41(3): 596-610.
[25] 许乾柱. 纳米颗粒诱导超声激励Al/Cu低温互连工艺及其接头可靠性研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆理工大学, 2022.
XU Q Z.Study on Low Temperature Interconnection Technology and Joint Reliability of Al/Cu Excited by Nanoparticles Induced Ultrasound[D]. Chongqing: Chongqing University of Technology, 2022.
[26] WANG H, XUE S B.Effect of Ag on the Properties of Solders and Brazing Filler Metals[J]. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2016, 27(1): 1-13.
[27] RAMOS L S, REYES R V, GOMES L F, et al.The Role of Eutectic Colonies in the Tensile Properties of a Sn-Zn Eutectic Solder Alloy[J]. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2020, 776: 138959.
[28] MOHD NAZERI M F, YAHAYA M Z, GURSEL A, et al. Corrosion Characterization of Sn-Zn Solder: A Review[J]. Soldering & Surface Mount Technology, 2019, 31(1): 52-67.
[29] 肖勇. 超声波辅助Cu/Al液相钎焊接头冶金连接机制及性能研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2014.
XIAO Y.Study on Metallurgical Connection Mechanism and Properties of Ultrasonic-assisted Cu/Al Liquid Brazing Joint[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2014.
[30] DING M, ZHANG P L, ZHANG Z Y, et al.Direct- Soldering 6061 Aluminum Alloys with Ultrasonic Coating[J]. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 2010, 17(2): 292-297.
[31] 许媛媛, 闫焉服, 赵快乐, 等. Sn对Zn₄Al₃Cu无铅钎料腐蚀性能的影响[J]. 焊接技术, 2014, 43(2): 45-48.
XU Y Y, YAN Y F, ZHAO K L, et al.Effect of Sn on Corrosion Behavior of Zn₄Al₃Cu Lead-Free Solder[J]. Welding Technology, 2014, 43(2): 45-48.
[32] PU C J, QIU J L, LI C J, et al.Effects of Bi Addition on the Solderability and Mechanical Properties of Sn-Zn-Cu Lead-Free Solder[J]. Journal of Electronic Materials, 2022, 51(9): 4952-4963.
[33] CHOU C Y, CHEN S W.Phase Equilibria of the Sn-Zn-Cu Ternary System[J]. Acta Materialia, 2006, 54(9): 2393-2400.
[34] YU S P, LIAO C L, HON M H, et al.The Effects of Flux on the Wetting Characteristics of Near-Eutectic Sn-Zn-in Solder on Cu Substrate[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2000, 35(17): 4217-4224.
[35] XIAO Y, JI H J, LI M Y, et al.Ultrasound-Assisted Brazing of Cu/Al Dissimilar Metals Using a Zn-3Al Filler Metal[J]. Materials & Design (1980-2015), 2013, 52: 740-747.
[36] KOLENAK R, KOSTOLNY I, DRAPALA J, et al.Characterizing the Soldering Alloy Type Zn-Al-Cu and Study of Ultrasonic Soldering of Al7075/Cu Combination[J]. Metals, 2021, 11(1): 27.
[37] WANG X G, YAN F J, LI X G, et al.Induction Diffusion Brazing of Copper to Aluminium[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2017, 22(2): 170-175.
[38] WANG X G, LI X G, WANG C G.Influence of Diffusion Brazing Parameters on Microstructure and Properties of Cu/Al Joints[J]. Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 2018, 35: 343-350.
[39] XU H B, XING Q X, ZENG Y L, et al.Semisolid Stirring Brazing of SiCp/A356 Composites with Zn₂₇Al Filler Metal in Air[J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2011, 16(6): 483-487.
[40] 梁音. 超声辅助锌铝复合钎料半固态铝铜钎焊研究[D]. 南昌: 南昌大学, 2019.
LIANG Y.Ultrasonic-assisted Semi-Solid Al-Cu Brazing of Zn-Al Composite Solder[D]. Nanchang: Nanchang University, 2019.
[41] 余章钦, 胡建华, 杨正, 等. 铜/铝磁脉冲半固态辅助钎焊界面扩散过程[J]. 焊接学报, 2023, 44(4): 120-128.
YU Z Q, HU J H, YANG Z, et al.Interfacial Diffusion Process of Cu/Al Magnetic Pulse Semi-Solid Assisted Brazing[J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2023, 44(4): 120-128.
[42] SHINOZAKI K, KOYAMA K.Development of Al/Cu Dissimilar Brazing Joint Controlled Form of Intermetallic Compound[J]. The Korean Welding & Joining Society, 2006, 47: 319-322.
[43] 牛志伟, 叶政, 刘凯凯, 等. Al-Si-Ge钎料钎焊Cu/Al接头组织与性能研究[J]. 金属学报, 2017, 53(6): 719-725.
NIU Z W, YE Z, LIU K K, et al.Microstructure and Property of Cu/Al Joint Brazed with Al-Si-Ge Filler Metal[J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2017, 53(6): 719-725.
[44] 牛志伟, 黄继华, 刘凯凯, 等. Al-Si-Ge-Zn钎料钎焊6061铝合金接头组织与性能分析[J]. 焊接学报, 2017, 38(9): 97-101.
NIU Z W, HUANG J H, LIU K K, et al.Microstructure and Property of 6061 Aluminum Alloy Brazed Joint with Al-Si-Ge-Zn Filler Metal[J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2017, 38(9): 97-101.
[45] JI F, XUE S B, DAI W.Reliability Studies of Cu/Al Joints Brazed with Zn-Al-Ce Filler Metals[J]. Materials & Design, 2012, 42: 156-163.
[46] JI F, XUE S B, DAI W.Effects of Ti on the Brazability of Zn-22Al-xTi Filler Metals as Well as Properties of Cu/Al Brazing Joints[J]. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 2013, 42(12): 2453-2457.
[47] PSTRUŚ J, GANCARZ T.Interfacial Phenomena in Al/Al, Al/Cu, and Cu/Cu Joints Soldered Using an Al- Zn Alloy with Ag or Cu Additions[J]. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 2014, 23(5): 1614-1624.
[48] 张满, 王鹏飞, 张临财, 等. Zn-Al-Ag钎料铜-铝钎焊接头显微组织与力学性能[J]. 焊接学报, 2013, 34(9): 55-58.
ZHANG M, WANG P F, ZHANG L C, et al.Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cu/Al Joint Brazed with Zn-Al-Ag Filler Metal[J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2013, 34(9): 55-58.
[49] LIU L, CHEN Z W, ZHOU Z X, et al.Diffusion Barrier Property of Electroless Ni-W-P Coating in High Temperature Zn-5Al/Cu Solder Interconnects[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2017, 722: 746-752.
[50] LIU L, ZHANG H, ZHENG H, et al.Influence of Crystalline Structure on Diffusion Barrier Property of Electroless Ni-Fe-P Coatings in Zn-Al Solder Interconnects[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2019, 804: 42-48.
[51] 毛星超. 铝表面可钎焊冷喷铜层的制备及性能表征[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2022.
MAO X C.Preparation and Characterization of Brazable Cold-sprayed Copper Layer on Aluminum Surface[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2022.
[52] 何鹏, 林盼盼. 基于材料基因组理念的钎焊材料开发与智能钎焊技术创新系统工程[J]. 材料导报, 2019, 33(1): 156-161.
HE P, LIN P P.The Systematic Project Involving Brazes Development and Intelligent Brazing Technology Innovation: A Materials Genome Perspective[J]. Materials Reports, 2019, 33(1): 156-161.
[53] 杨俊朝, 黄冠, 丁宗业, 等. 基于同步辐射与第一性原理计算的Al/Cu钎焊界面组织与接头性能研究[J]. 铸造技术, 2024, 45(3): 293-299.
YANG J C, HUANG G, DING Z Y, et al.Study of the Interfacial Microstructures and Properties at the Al/Cu Brazing Joints by Using Synchrotron Radiation and First-Principles Calculations[J]. Foundry Technology, 2024, 45(3): 293-299.